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Author: 


Gomes,  Jose  Coelho 


Title: 


Empire  of  Brazil 


Place: 


Washington,  D.C 

Date: 

1885 


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Gomes,  Jose  Coelho. 

Empire  of  Brazil.  Commercial  and  emigrational  guide  to 
Brazil.  Compiled  and  translated  from  official  publications,  by 
Jose  Coelho  Gomes,  acting  secretary  of  the  Brazilian  legation, 
Washington,  U.  S.  A.  Washington,  J.  P.  Wright,  printer, 
1885. 

60  p.    24«. 


1.  Brazil — Emig.  &  Immig.    2.  Brazil — Econ.  condit. 


Library  of  Congress 
Copyright    1885:  25469 


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THE  LIBRARIES 


School  of  Business 


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••hool  of  BusiBfloa  TJhffnrj 
OolumblA  UnlTwfl^ 


EMPIRE  OF  BRAZIL. 


COMMERCIAL  AND  EMIGRATIOITAL 


XJUD 


TO 


Compiled  and  Translated  from  Official  Publications 


BY 


J0S6  COELHO  GOMES, 


ACTING  SECRETARY  OP 


THE  HRil2ILmN  LE&ATIQN 


■WTJLSHZiTa-TOIT,  TJ.  S. 


•         '  .         •  I 


.    •     -       •  • 

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'  >         »i       I  .        t       >  «  • 

-    -         -  •    »  •    »       «       f 

WASHIMOTON,  D.  C. 
J.  P.  WRIGHT,  PRINTBR. 
1885. 


PREFACE. 

This  work  is  compiled  from  Brazilian  Official  Publications, 
with  a  chapter  on  «  Ocean  Transportation  "  added,  to  show  the 
Agricultural,  Mineral  and  other  resources  of  the  Empire,  with 
a  view  of  promoting  Commerce,  Emigration  and  Internal 
Improvement. 

Special  attention  is  called  to  the  chapters  on  Coffee  Produc- 
tion, xMineral  Resources,  River  Navigation,  and  to  the  other 
official  statements  showing  the  extent  and  resources  of  the 
Empire,  the  prosperous  condition  of  the  colonies,  and  the  op- 
portunities  for  the  advantageous  investment  of  capital. 

It  is  the  settled  policy  of  the  Imperial  Government  to  grant 
liberal  concessions  for  railroads,  steamboat  lines,  central 
sugar  mills ;  for  working  gold,  diamond  and  other  mines,  and 
for  many  other  purposes.  A  large  amount  of  English,  French 
and  German  capital  has  been  invested  in  many  of  these  enter- 
prises. 

The  absence  of  North  American  enterprise  in  Brazil  is 
caused  mainly  by  a  want  of  correct  information  upon  the  sub- 
ject in  the  United  States-a  want  which  this  publication  will 
It  18  thought,  fully  supply.  ' 

J.  C.  GOMES. 


7^17^ 


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a 

CL. 


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SUMMARY  OF  THE  ADVANTAGES 

OFFERED   BY 

THE   BRAZILIAN  GOVERNMENT 


TO 


FREE  IMMIGRATION. 


Ist   Reception  on  arrival  at  the  Port  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
2d.  Board  and  Lodging  at  the  "Ilha  das  Flores     Hotel,  from 
the  date  of  arrival  to  the  departure  of  the  immigrants  for  their 

destination.  ,       ,  ^  v        x^  ^.v^ 

3d  Free  transportation  by  railroad  or  steamer  lines  to  tne 
nearest  point  of  the  locality  selected  by  the  immigrants. 

4th  The  grant  of  a  suitable  tract  of  land  lor  cultivation,  duly 
surveyed  and  measured.  The  area  of  each  tract  to  be  75  acres. 
The  maximum  price  is  495$000  Reis,  equal  to  about  two  hun- 
dred  and  sixty  dollars,  in  American  money,  and  the  mini- 
mum  123$000  Reis,  equal  to  sixty-four  dollars  and  seventy-five 
cents— according  to  the  quality  of  the  soil.  t     ^x.    ^     a 

5th.  It  is  optional  with  the  immigrant  to  pay  for  the  l^nd 
either  in  cash  or  in  five  years  by  installments ;  in  the  latter  case 
the  price  will  be  increased  20  per  cent. 

6th    The  immigrant  is  at  liberty  to  begin  the  payment  by  in- 
stallments from  the  third  year  of  his  occupation  of  the  land 
Six  per  cent,  will  be  deducted  from  the  amount  of  the  payment 
made  by  him  prior  to  that  time.  ^         ^  .     .,• 

7th  Occupation  of  the  land  assigned  to  the  immigrant  is  obli- 
gatory on  his  part.  The  inducements  do  not,  however,  stop 
here  The  Government  intends  not  only  to  facilitate  the  trans- 
Dortation  of  the  immigrants  from  their  native  country  to  Brazil, 
but  also,  to  award  prizes  in  money  for  the  best  products  pre- 
sented to  the  Colonial  exhibitions  to  be  held  annually  in  the 
centres  of  foreign  origin,  and  is  now  organizing  commissions  for 
the  purpose  of  developing  on  the  greatest  possible  scale  its  area 
of  uncultivated  lands,  and  dividing  it  into  lots  of  75  acres 
each  f  »r  the  settlement  of  immigrants.  The  lands  on  the  lines 
of  railroads,  or  bordering  the  highways  or  on  the  shores  ot  navi- 
gable rivers,  are  of  course  preferable. 


GENERAL  INSPECTION  OF  LANDS  AND 

OF  COLONIZATION. 

ilssistancB  givanta  Immigrants. 

The  management  of  immigration  is  regularly  organized  in 
Brazil.  A  department  entitled  "  General  Inspection  of  lands 
and  of  Colonization,"  with  an  adequate  force  of  employees  in  the 
various  branches  of  the  service,  superintends  everything  relating 
to  the  reception,  accommodation,  destination  and  settlement  of 
immigrants.  It  keeps  a  record  of  every  colonist  and  takes  notes 
of  the  locality  selected  by  them.  It  is,  therefore,  very  easy  to 
furnish  on  demand  every  information  concerning  any  immigrant. 

The  survey  of  the  limits  of  public  lands  and  their  division  in 
lots  for  the  settlement  of  immigrants  is  connected  with  the  same 
department.  That  branch  is  under  the  supervision  of  agents 
who  enjoy  the  full  confidence  of  the  Government.  The  lots  for 
the  settlement  of  colonists  are  surveyed,  in  preference,  in  the 
vicinity  of  suburbs  and  centres  of  colonial  origin  already  estab- 
lished. As  much  as  possible,  the  shores  of  navigable  rivers  and 
the  proximity  of  highways  are  selected  without,  however,  losing 
eight  of  the  quality  of  the  soil  and  of  the  required  conditions  for 
proper  cultivation. 

The  immigrant  becomes  owner  of  the  land  from  the  date  of 
his  occupation  of  it;  to  that  effect,  a  provisory  deed  is  delivered 
to  him,  which  will  be  exchanged  for  a  full  title  as  soon  as  the  last 
payment  for  said  land  shall  have  been  made. 

The  payment  is  optional  with  the  immigrant,  who  can  make 
it  either  in  cash  or  on  time.  In  the  former  case  the  full  title  is  de- 
livered to  him.  In  the  latter,  that  is  to  say,  should  the  immi- 
grant prefer  to  pay  for  his  lot  by  installments,  the  disbursements 
will  be  made  during  the  five  years  following  the  second  year  of 
his  occupation,  with  an  increase  of  20  per  cent,  upon  the  original 
price  of  his  lot.  Thus,  the  immigrant  has  seven  years  before 
him  to  free  himself  from  debt.  There  is  also  another  advantage 
worthy  of  his  consideration,  and  that  is,  he  can,  within  the  two 
first  years,  cultivate  his  land,  unincumbered,  since  the  obligation 
to  pay  the  small  yearly  installments  begins  only  from  the  third 
year. 

The  good  quality  of  the  land  granted  to  him,  the  resources  he 
finds  in  the  sale  of  his  products,  either  on  the  highways  near  his 
lot,  or  in  the  neighborhood  of  localities  crossed  by  the  roads 
which  bring  it  into  communication  with  the  great  centres  of  con- 


sumption, or  with  sea  or  river  ports,  the  facilities  he  meets  with 
in  his  transactions  by  the  aid  of  his  countrymen  already  settled 
in  prosperous  centres,  as  is,  at  present,  almost  every  former  col- 
ony, everything  tends  to  help  the  immigrant  to  reduce  his  debt 
gradually,  and  to  obtain  the  desired  title,  which  makes  him  the 
absolute  owner  of  his  lot,  and  leaves  him  free  to  dispose  of  it  as 

he  pleases. 

It  is  needless  to  add,  that  the  immigrant,  who  has  the  means, 
can,  if  he  likes,  clear  himself  from  debt  at  any  time  without  the 
necessity  of  waiting  for  the  period  fixed  for  that  purpo^ ;  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  he  benefits  by  the  reduction  of  6  per  cent, 
corresponding  to  the  amount  of  the  disbursements  made  in  ad- 
vance 

On  their  landing  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  the  immigrants  will  find 
everything  they  need,  until  their  arrival  at  their  destination. 

Every  steamer  from  European  and  American  ports  is  visited 
by  an  Agent  of  the  Administration  of  Lands  and  Colonization, 
who,  speaking  French,  Italian,  German  or  English,  offers  the  im- 
migrants on  board,  in  the  name  of  the  Government,  accommoda- 
tions at  the  special  establishment  on  the  "  Ilha  das  Flores,"  a 
picturesque  Island  in  the  magnificent  bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
about  three-quarters  of  an  hour  distant  from  the  city,  and  favored 
with  a  delightful  climate  constantly  cooled  by  the  breeze  from 
the  sea,  which  contributes  to  make  it  healthful  and  agreeable. 

The  excellent  location  of  that  Island  is  fully  justified  by  the 
remarkable  sanitary  condition  of  over  12,000  immigrants,  who 
have  been  accommodated  therefor  15 months, and  though,  during 
that  same  period,  disease  common  in  the  hot  season,  prevailed  in 
the  City,  no  syniptons  of  any  indispositions  whatever  were  found 
on  the  Island.  However,  to  be  prepared  for  unexpected  cases, 
a  doctor  is  connected  with  the  hotel  where  there  is  a  pharmacy 
well  stocked  with  the  most  necessary  medicines.  The  patients 
are  cared  for  in  an  infirmary  complete  in  every  way,  forming  a 
part  of  the  establishment.  In  grave  cases,  they  are  sent  to  the 
General  Hospital. 

Special  boats  fitted  for  that  purpose,  carry  safely  and  with  the 
greatest  possible  comfort,  the  immigrants  who  accept  the  offer 
made  to  them  by  the  Agent  of  the  Administration. 

Upon  their  arrival  at  the  "  Ilha  das  Flores,"  they  are  accom- 
panied by  an  Agent  of  the  hotel,  and  are  immediately  accommo- 
dated, while  another  employee  goes  through  the  required  formal- 
ities at  the  Custom  House  to  secure  the  baggage,  which  is  safely 
stored. 


6 

After  having  been  comfortably  lodged,  the  immigrants  present 
themselves,  one  by  one,  with  their  respective  families  at  the  office 
of  the  Director,  for  the  purpose  of  declaring  their  intentions  as 
to  the  location  selected,  by  them,  their  nationality,  age,  profession 
and  the  country  they  come  from.  These  declarations  are  very 
useful  for  their  relatives,  in  Europe  or  America,  who  desire  to 
obtain  information  concerning  them ;  a  matter  of  frequent  occur- 
rence. 

The  immigrants  go  wherever  they  please ;  no  locality  is  forced 
upon  tftem  ,  they  are  perfectly  free  to  select  their  own  destina- 
tion. 

After  declaring  their  choice  of  location  where  they  desire  to 
settle,  and  staying  at  the  hotel  during  the  necessary  time  to  rest 
from  the  fatigues  of  the  voyage,  etc.,  the  immigrants  are  gradually 
forwarded  to  the  places  they  have  selected.  Those  who  prefer 
to  go  to  the  Provinces  of  S.  Paulo  and  of  Minas,  or  to  the  inter- 
mediate places  of  the  Province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  leave  by  the 
D.  Pedro  II  Railroad;  on  the  other  hand,  those  who  wish  to  re- 
main in  the  Provinces  near  the  coast,  take  the  steamers  which  ply 
between  them  and  other  localities. 

In  every  case,  they  are  accompanied  by  an  agent  of  the  Ad- 
ministration, who  speaks  several  languages,  and  upon  whom 
rests  the  responsibility  for  the  proper  installation  of  the  colo- 
nists, and  the  transportation  of  their  baggage,  etc. 

In  the  Province  of  S.  Paulo,  there  is  an  administration  sim- 
ilar to  that  at  the  Capital,  and  which  acts  for  the  Provincial 
Government.  Thus,  on  their  arrival,  the  colonists  meet  with 
the  same  reception,  the  same  hospitality,  and  receive  every- 
thing to  proceed  on  their  journey. 

On  leaving  Rio  de  Janeiro  by  the  morning  train,  the  immi- 
grants arrive  at  S.  Paulo,  in  the  same  evening.  An  agent 
waits  for  them  at  the  station,  to  take  them  to  the  Provincial 
Hotel. 

In  the  Provinces  of  Espirito  Santo,  Parana,  Santa  Catharina, 
and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  the  immigrants  arrive  in  great 
number,  owing  to  the  numerous  colonial  population  already 
there.  Government  Agents  receive  them  on  board,  see  to  their 
landing  facilities,  as  may  be  required,  and  the  means  of  trans- 
portation to  the  Colonial  Centres  they  may  have  selected  for 
residence.  The  Government  beare  the  expenses  of  transporta- 
tion either  by  land  or  by  water ;  also  for  board  and  lodging 
until  their  departure  for  their  final  destination. 

The  Government  intends  to  establish,  in  the  Provinces  men- 


tioned, a  regular  Agency  of  Immigration  like  the  one  now  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro  and  S.  Paulo,  and  to  which  the  General  Gov- 
ernment will  give  every  assistance  in  its  power. 

Hotel  of  Ilha  das  Flores. 

This  Hotel  for  the  accommodation  of  immigrants,  situated 
on  the  Island  das  Flores,  is  a  large  structure  arranged  for  the 
reception  of  1000  immigrants,  at  the  minimum,  and  capable, 
in  case  of  necessity,  of  receiving  1500,  easily. 

The  principal  or  main  building  is  divided  into  four  large  halls, 
well  ventilated,  and  includes  dormitories  and  special  accommo- 
dations for  families. 

Moreover,  the  same  building  contains  three  rooms  set  apart 
for  the  infirmary,  a  physician's  room  for  consultations,  two 
offices  for  the  clerks,  store  rooms,  and  lodgings  for  minor  em- 
ployees. A  fine  and  large  balcony  surrounds  the  whole  struc- 
ture. 

The  kitchen,  pantry  and  the  necessary  material  required  for 
as  many  immigrants  as  can  be  admitted,  are  in  a  separate 
building.  The  dining-room  is  provided  with  convenient  mar- 
ble-top tables  and  commodious  benches  and  everything  neces- 
sary to  seat  and  feed  comfortably  400  persons. 

The  food  for  the  immigrants  is  wholesome,  plentiful  and 
well  prepared.  Great  care  is  taken  to  give  them,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, the  fare  to  which  they  are  accustomed  accordmg  to  the 
usages  of  each  nationality.  They  have  three  meals  a  day. 
At  8  o'clock,  breakfast  of  coffee,  bread  and  butter.  At  1 
o'clock,  dinner  is  served,  composed  of  rice,  or  macaroni  soup, 
beans,  potatoes  and  other  vegetables,  with  meat  and  bread ; 
for  dessert,  oranges,  bananas, — everthing  in  abundance.  At 
6  o'clock,  supper  of  coftee,  bread  and  butter. 

The  departures  always  taking  place  in  the  morning,  the  im- 
migrants have  an  early  breakfast,  and  are  moreover  provided 
wim  rations  for  luncheon  during  the  journey. 

The  hotel  for  the  immigrants  is  provided  with  the  floating 
material  necessary  for  the  shipping  and  landing  of  the  colonists. 

In  extraordinary  cases,  requisition  is  made  upon  the  naval 
and  military  arsenals,  which,  conformably  to  the  ordere  from 
the  Government,  lend  their  assistance  to  facilitate  the  regular- 
ity of  the  transportation. 

Access  to  the  Island  is  rendered  easy  by  a  bridge,  upon 
which  are  erected  the  necessary  tackle  and  gear  for  putting 


8 

the  bagffage  on  shore,  and  which  is  stored  in  a  large  and  safe 
depot,  close  by  the  bridge,  and  connected  with  small  cars,  on 
rails,  which  carry  it  promptly  to  the  proper  place. 

The  Government  intends  to  increase  the  accommodations  so 
as  to  receive  a  greater  number  of  immigrants.  It  would  then 
profit  by  the  exceptional  conditions  of  the  Ilha  das  Flores, 
which,  owing  to  its  mild  climate,  picturesque  appearance,  variety 
of  vegetation  and  delightful  situation  in  the  bay,  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  village  of  Baretto,  offers  every  possible  comfort 
to  those  who  have  just  arrived  from  a  long  voyage.  The  vil- 
lage of  Baretto  is  a  lovely  suburb  of  the  City  of  Nictheroy,  the 
county  town  of  the  Province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  about  50 
minutes  trip  from  the  Capital  of  the  Empire. 

The  Hotel  is  under  the  management  of  an  official  appointed 
by  the  Government.  His  title  is  "  Director  of  the  Ilha  das 
Flores." 

The  persons  employed  are  under  his  control,  and  are  suffi- 
cient in  number  and  divided  in  categories  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  duties  assigned  them. 

The  Director  and  employees  furnish  the  immigrants  with 
every  kind  of  information  needed  for  their  installation. 

Leave  to  go  to  the  city  either  on  business  or  pleasure,  is 
granted  by  the  Director  to  every  immigrant  who  makes  an 
application  for  it ;  he  can,  should  he  desire  it,  be  accompanied 
by  an  employee  of  the  Hotel,  if  he  wishes  to  exchange  money 
or  purchase  the  necessary  implements  for  his  work,  etc. 

IMMIGRANTS  WHO  DECLINE  THE  HOSPITALITY  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT 

AT  THE   ILHA   DAS  FLORES. 

The  immigrants,  who  do  not  wish  to  be  entertained  on  the 
Ilha  das  Flores,  previous  to  leaving  for  their  destination,  are 
entitled,  during  the  three  months  following  their  arrival,  to 
their  transportation  to  the  point  in  the  Empire  where  they 
desire  to  go,  upon  application  to  the  Department  of  General 
Inspection  of  Lands  and  Colonization,  Travessa  do  Pa90  3. 
The  transportation  is  free  of  charge,  and  furnished  on  the 
simple  presentation  of  their  passport. 

An  employee  of  the  Administration  daily  superintends  the 
departure  of  the  immigrants,  either  by  the  D.  Pedro  11  Rail- 
road or  by  steamers. 

IRFORNATlOIi  RELATING  TO  CERTAIN  COLONIAL  CENTRES. 

Until  1878,  the  Imperial  Government  has  expended  con 


9 

siderable  sums  of  money  for  the  developement  of  colonization 
in  the  country.  If,  owing  to  circumstances  which  we  are  not 
called  upon  to  discuss  here,  the  advantages  derived  do  not 
compensate  for  the  numerous  sacrifices  made  by  the  ^""^ate  to 
attain  that  object,  yet,  the  existing  colonial  establishmei  are 
there  to  prove,  by  the  present  prosperity  of  most  of  them  he 
assistance  given  by  tlie  Government  to  immigration,  also 
the  profits  and  results  offered  to  industrious  labor  by  the  woi 
derful  soil  of  Brazil. 

Foreign  colonization  has,  in  preference,  been  directed  toward 
the  Provinces  where  the  soil  and  climate  are  best  adapted  to  it. 
Therefore,  it  is  in  the  Provinces  of  Espirito  Santo,  Parana, 
Santa  Cathaniia  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  where  there  have  been 
founded  the  Colonial  centres  which,  to-day  are  in  a  great  part, 
transformed  into  flourishing  and  prosperous  villages. 

The  Provinces  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  S.  Paulo,  have  also 
received  a  large  number  of  immigrants;  but  in  these  three 
Provinces  they  have  either  been  engaged  by  planters 
(fazendeiros)  or  established  themselves  as  small  property  holders 
on  avmlable  lands. 

German  colonization  has  been  successfully  tried  in  the  pro- 
vinces of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  and  Santa  Catharina. 
The  beautiful  city  of  Petropolis,  the  summer  residence  of  the 
Imperial  Court,  Nova  Friburgo  in  the  province  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  8.  Leopoldo,  in  the  province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
Joinville,  Blumenau,  etc.,  in  the  province  of  Santa  Catharina, 
show  the  results  of  the  experiment. 

In  the  colony  of  Porto  Real,  now  emancipated,  there  is  in 
full  operation,  a  central  factory,  managed  by  the  Agricultural 
Union  Company,  and  which  is  of  great  advantage  to  its  inhabi- 
tants. That  colony  offers  also,  a  proof  of  the  good  result 
obtained  from  foreign  colonization  in  the  province  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  Frenchmen,  Italians  and  natives  of  different  coun- 
tries live  there  in  perfect  harmony,  and  are  all  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits  from  which  they  derive  satisfactory  profits. 

The  province  of  S.  Paulo  has  a  few  colonial  centres  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  county  town.  The  mildness  of  its  climate  and 
the  fertility  of  the  soil,  cause  it  to  be  preferred  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Northern  Italy,  who,  with  the  assistance  of  the  perfectly 
organized  Provincial  Agency  of  Immigration,  find  it  easy  to 
settle  there. 


:it 


10 

In  every  other  province  of  the  Empire,  the  immigrant  meeta 
with  every  condition  needed  for  his  establishment. 

The  northern  provinces,  although  much  warmer,  are  favored 
with  an  agreeable  temperature  owing  to  their  being  cooled  by 
sea  breeze  ;  the  interior  offers,  on  a  very  wide  zone,  the  charms 
of  an  almost  eternal  spring ;  cotton,  sugar  cane,  tobacco  and 
cacao,  which  are  the  principal  products  of  the  region  extending 
from  Bahia  to  the  Manranhao;  coffee,  the  production  of  which 
is  already  developed  upon  the  chain  of  Baturite,  in  the  province 
of  Ceara  and  in  many  other  localities;  cereals  and  edible 
roots  of  different  kinds,  without  referring  to  fine  plains  well 
adapted  for  raising  cattle,  are  among  the  advantages  offered  by 
the  northern  provinces  to  laborious  immigrants  intending  to 
cultivate  those  products.  On  the  other  hand,  should  they  prefer 
to  carry  their  energy  to  the  regions  watered  by  the  Amazon 
and  its  numerous  tributaries,  on  whose  shores  nature  furnishes 
immense  resources  to  every  condition  and  age  ;  the  gathering 
of  India-rubber  which  is  found  in  abundance  is  alone  suflScient 
to  make  the  fortunes  of  an  immense  number  of  energetic  immi- 
grants. 

The  great  river  Amazon,  with  its  tributaries,  offers  on  Bra- 
zilian territory  a  length  of  more  than  27,000  miles  navigable 
for  large  steamboats,  and  serves  by  its  connections  aa  a  channel 
of  cheap  and  convenient  communications  with  all  the  markets 
of  the  world,  and  with  the  Tocantins  a  direct  communication 
with  five  of  the  principal  provinces  of  the  Empire  and  with  the 
Republics  of  Venezuela,  Columbia,  Peru,  Ecuador  and  BoUvia. 
The  completion  of  the  Maderia  railroad,  one  hundred  miles 
around  the  Maderia  falls,  will  extend  the  steam  communication 
of  this  great  tributary  of  the  Amazon  nearly  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

At  or  near  all  of  the  established  colonies,  the  government 
keeps  commissions  of  engineers  whose  duties  are  to  survey  and 
measure  lots  for  the  settlement  of  immigrants  who  desire  to 
take  immediate  possession,  and  take  charge  of  the  installation 
of  colonists  according  to  their  selection. 

A  ^eat  number  of  less  important  colonial  centres,  the  old 
colonies,  emancipated  at  different  times,  and  whose  names 
follow,  are  very  prosperous;  some  of  them  have  been  raised  to 
the  rank  of  villages  and  parishes. 

PROVINCE  OP  B8PIRIT0   SANTO. 

The  colony  of  Rio  Novo,  now  parish  of  San  Antonio  de  Rio 
Novo,  18  composed  of  five  territories  included  in  the  important 


* 


11 

municipalities  of  Itapemirim  and  of  Benevente,  watered  by 
the  two  rivers  of  the  same  name,  and  which  offer  good  navi- 
gable facilities.  This  colonial  centre,  crossed^by  fine  roads,  is 
prosperous  owing  to  the  trade  in  coffee,  the  exportation  of 
which,  in  1884,  reached  about  3,684,200  pounds.  That  impor- 
tant product  to  which  must  be  added  the  flour  of  Manioc, 
Indian  corn,  beans  and  other  cereals,  has  been  shipped  not 
only  from  the  ports  of  Benevente  and  of  Itapemirim,  visited 
by  many  sailing  vessels  and  steamers  belonging  to  a  coasting 
company,  which  makes  two  trips  per  month  to  Kio  de  Janeiro 
and  vice  versa,  but  also  from  the  port  of  the  county  town  with 
which  the  fifth  territory  is  connected  by  means  of  excellent 
roads. 

The  population  is  about  5,000,  of  whom  more  than  2,500  are 
Italians,  300  Germans  and  Swiss,  200  Austrians,  300  Portu- 
guese and  200  Frenchmen,  Belgians  and  Dutchmen.  The 
remainder  is  composed  of  Brazilians  and  the  children  of  colo- 
nists. 

This  village  has  a  fine  Catholic  church  and  schools  for  both 

sexes. 

The  colony  of  Castello  is  situated  in  the  municipality  of 
Benevente,  on  the  shore  of  the  river  of  that  name  and  of  its 
tributaries.  Emancipated  in  1881,  under  the  village  name  of 
Alfredo  Chaves  and  founded  in  1880,  it  grew  rapidly.  Its 
population  is  over  1,350,  of  whom  1158  are  Italians  and  the 
remainder  Brazilians,  Germans,  French  and  Portuguese.  Its 
inhabitants  devote  themselves  in  preference  to  raising  cattle, 
and  provide  the  neighborhood  with  excellent  cheese,  sausages 
and  other  similar  products.  They  also  cultivate  cereals  for 
their  own  use  and  coffee  for  home  consumption  and  export. 
The  colony  has  excellent  roads,  school  buildings  and  other 
necessary  public  improvements. 

COLONY  OF  SANTA  ISABEL. 

This  colony  was  founded  in  1847.  emancipated  in  1866  and 
made  a  parish  in  the  following  year.  Its  population  is  over 
3,000  of  various  nationalities  ;  The  German  element  predomi- 
nates. They  grow  every  kind  of  cereals  for  their  own  con- 
sumption, cultivate  with  success  coffee  and  export  it  through 
the  city  of  Victoria,  with  which  it  is  in  communication  by 
means  of  good  roada.  The  coffee  product  of  this  colony  was 
above  1,818,000  pounds  in  1884.  The  inhabitants  appear  to 
enjoy  a  certain  comfort ;  there  are  some  among  them,  who  are 


12 

known  to  have  made  handsome  fortunes.  They  have  Catholic 
and  Protestant  churches  and  good  school  buildings.  A  railroad 
granted  by  the  Provincial  Government,  and  now  under  con- 
sideration will  pass  through  the  villages  of  Castello  and  of  Rio 
JN  ovo,  and  connect  with  the  port  of  the  county  town. 

THE  COLONY  OF   SANTA  LEOPOLDINA. 

This  colony  is  situated  in  the  municipalities  of  Victoria 
(county  town  of  the   province)  and   of  Santa  Cruz :  It   was 
founded  m  1857  and  emancipated  in  1882.     It  is  composed  of 
three  groups,  the  most  important  of  which  is  Cachociro,  situated 
near  the  port  of  that  name,  upon  the  Santa  Maria  river,  which 
IS  crossed  by  steamers  communicating  with  the  county  town 
It  contains  a  population  of  over  8,000  of  different  nationalities,* 
(Germans  and  Italians  however,  predominate.     They  cultivate 
cereals  in   sufficient  quantity  for  their  own  use,  and  coffee  for 
export.     More  than  3,090,000  lbs.  of  that  valuable  product  was 
exported  by  the  colony  last  year.     Church  and  school  accoma- 
dations  are  ample.     The  survey  for  the  railway  from   Victoria 
to  JHatividade,  m  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  is  completed. 
Ihe  government  has  entered  into  a  contract   with  an  Endish 
company  for  building  the  line,  and  guaranteed   an  interest  of 
6  per  cent,  upon  the  capital.     It  passes  through  the  old  colony 
and  a  great   tract   of  uncultivated  lands  in   the  vicinitv      In 
the  village  of  Cachociro  there  is  a  profitable  and  central  mill  in 
full  operation,  provided  with  improved  machinery  for  the  prepa- 
ration of  coffee.  ^ 

The  colonial  villages  of  Espirito  Santo,  pay  to  the  Provin- 
cial treasury,  a  sum  exceeding  70,000$000  Ks.  produced  by  the 
tax  ot  17  Reis  per  two  and  one-tenth  lbs.  of  exported  coffee. 

PROVINCE  OF  PARANA. 

The  province  of  Parana,  has  on  account  of  its  geographical 
position  the  mean  temperature  of  the  northern  portion  of  Eu- 
rope and  the  United  States.  It  is  divided  by  a  range  of  moun- 
tains where  there  is  a  delightful  climate,  presenting  to  the 
immigrants  the  most  desirable  facilities  for  securing  homes 
On  one  side,  they  find  a  large  area  of  excellent  lands  where 
every  kind  of  products  indiginous  to  cold  latitudes,  can  be 
cultivated  with  profit ;  on  the  other,  immense  plains,  suitable 
to  those  of  temperate  zones. 

As  soon  as  the  additional   means  of  communication,  now 
under  consideration  are  open,  the  object  of  which  is  to  bring 


13 

nearer  the  great  centres  of  consumption  and  the  extensive  area 
of  uncultivated  lands  in  the  interior,  including  the  plains  of 
Palmas  and  Guarapuava,  well  known  as  much  for  their  excel- 
lent conditions  for  raising  cattle,  as  for  their  wonderful  fertility; 
the  province  of  Parana  will  be  one  of  the  points  most  sought  by 
the  immigrants  from  the  north  of  Europe  and  the  United 
States,  who  will  meet  there  with  a  great  number  of  fellow 
countrymen  already  settled  advantageously  in  the  following 
colonial  villages  : 

AssuNGUY  COLONY. — Founded  in  1860,  and  situated  62 
miles  east  of  Curityba,  county  town  of  the  province,  and  at  37 
miles  from  the  city  of  Castro,  it  is  situated  at  1312  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Emancipated  in  1882.  Its  population  is 
about  3,000,  of  whom  two  thirds  are  Brazilians,  while  the 
remainder  are  290  Germans,  200  Frenchmen,  and  250  English- 
men ;  the  Swiss,  Italians  and  Spaniards  are  in  the  minority. 
They  cultivate  dift'erent  kinds  of  cereals  as  well  as  sugar  cane- 
some  colonists  owning  sugar  mills  and  distilleries  for  the  manu- 
facture of  brandy.  The  value  of  the  annual  exportation  is 
above  125,000$000,  and  the  importation  amounts  to  about 
70,000$000.  The  colony  is  well  provided  with  buildings  both 
public  and  private. 

The  Argblina  Colony. — This  colony  was  founded  in  1859  and 
is  situated  1  mile  from  the  county  town  on  the  important  road 
of  Graciosa.  Its  inhabitants,  French,  Germans,  Swiss,  English 
and  Swedes,  not  numbering  above  140.  They  cultivate  cereals 
and  potatoes,  and  are  also  engaged  in  horticulture. 

The  Thomas  Coelho  Colony. — Founded  in  1876,  10  miles 
from  the  county  town.  Population  of  1,550.  Its  inhabitants 
cultivate  cereals,  tobacco,  etc.,  which  they  sell  in  the  town  of 
Curityba. 

The  D.  Augusto  Colony.— Founded  in  1877,  8  miles  from 
the  county  town,  exclusively  inhabited  by  Poles  numbering 
about  300,  who  devote  themselves  to  the  same  kind  of  labor  as 
the  settlers  of  the  Thomas  Coelho  Colony. 

The  Rivierre  Colony. — Founded  in  1877,  on  the  Matto 
Grosso  road,  10  miles  from  the  city  of  Curityba.  Population 
of  370,  the  majority  of  whom  are  Polish,  Prussian  and  Sile- 
sian.     Potatoes,  rye  and  other  cereals  are  cultivated. 

The  Orleans  Colony. — Founded  in  1877,  6  miles  from  the 


14 

county  town.  It  contains  400  inhabilants,  almost  all  Poles, 
Frenchmen  and  Italians,  who  devote  themselves  to  the  cultiva^ 
tion  of  wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn,  beans,  potatoes,  etc.,  etc. 

The  Santo  Iqnacio  Colony.— Founded  in  1876, 2  miles  from 
the  county  town,  on  the  shore  of  the  Bariguv  river,  on  a  level 
ground  covered  with  magnificent  forests;  it  contains  a  popula- 
tion of  700,  most  of  whom  are  Silesiaus.  These  colonists  do 
but  httle  farmmg,  preferring  to  be  wood  cutters.  The  wood  is 
sold  m  the  county  town. 

The  Lamenha  Colony.— Founded  in  1876, 5  miles  from  the 
county  town.     Its  inhabitants  devote  themselves  with  great 
energy,  to  its  grape  growing  and  general  agricultural  pureuits, 
producmg  excellent  wine,  rye,  wheat,  potatoes,  etc.    The  popu 
lation  ift  over  900,  almost  all  of  them  I'oles. 

The  Santa  Candida  Colony.— Founded  in  1874,  5  miles 
from  the  county  town,  on  the  road  of  Graciosa.  Its  population 
IS  370,  Poles  and  Swiss,  who  devote  themselves  to  agriculture. 

The  Abranches  and  Pilarzinho  Colonies.— Founded  in 
1870  on  the  communal  land  of  the  countv  town,  from  which 
tney  are  distant  about  4  miles.  The  population  is  about  600,  for 
the  most  part  Poles  and  Irish,  who  cultivate  cereals,  etc. 

The  Muricy  Colony.— Founded  in  1878,  3  miles  from  the 
city  of  S.  Jose  dos  Pinhaes.  It  covers  an  area  of  1,250  000 
square  yards,  divided  in  79  lots  and  inhabited  by  350  indivi- 
duals who  grow  grapes,  make  wine  and  cultivate  rye,  Indian 
corn  and  many  otlier  cereals. 

The  Antonio  Reboucas  Colony.— Founded  in  1878  in  the 
municipality  of  Campo  Largo,  11  miles  from  the  County  Town 
It  contains  a  population  of  162  Italians  who  cultivate  rye,  In- 
dian corn,  potatoes,  etc. 

The  Novo  Tyrol  Colony.— Founded  in  1878, 16  miles  from 
the  City  of  S.  Jose  dos  Pinhaes;  it  contains  a  tine  population 
of  over  300,  neariy  all  of  them  Tyrolese,  who  devote  them- 
selves to  various  branches  of  agriculture,  but  specially  to  that 
of  wheat,  rye,  potatoes  and  several  other  kinds  of  cereals,  and 
to  manufacturing  wine  from  numerous  kinds  of  grapes  grown 
with  great  success. 

The  Alfredo  Chaves  Colony.— Founded  in  1878,12  miles 
from  Curityba  (County  Town  of  the  Province)  with  a  population 
of  160  of  Italian  nationality,  all  farmers. 


15 

The  Inspector  Carvalho  Colony. — Founded  in  1878, 18 
miles  from  the  county  town,  in  the  municipality  of  S.  Jose  dos 
Pinhaes,  and  situated  upon  the  lands  adjoining  the  Muricy 
Colony.  It  has  130  inhabitants  of  Polish  and  Italian  nation- 
ality, who  are  engaged  in  agriculture. 

The  Senador  Dantas  Colony. — Founded  upon  the  com- 
munal lands  of  the  county  town,  whereon  more  than  170  Ital- 
ians have  settled ;  they  are  successfully  engaged  in  agriculture. 

The  D.  Pedro  and  S.  Venancio  Colony. — Founded  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  county  town  and  of  Zacarias,  in  the  municipal- 
ity of  S,  Jose  dos  Pinhaes.  Its  population  exceeds  400,  engag- 
ed in  agriculture. 

Besides  these  colonies,  there  are,  in  the  interior,  several  colo- 
nial centres  inhabited  by  about  1,000  persons,  mostly  Russians. 

These  centres  are :  In  the  municipality  of  Palmeira,  the  ham- 
lets of  Marcondes,  N.  S.  do  Lago,  Santa  Quiteria,  Alegrete, 
Hartman  and  Papagayos  Novos.  In  the  municipality  of  Lapa, 
the  hamlets  of  Johannisdorf,  and  Maricultal.  In  the  munici- 
pality of  Ponta  Grossa,  is  the  Octavio  Colony. 

In  the  municipality  of  iMorretes,  the  old  and  important  Col- 
ony of  Nova  Italia,  is  composed  of  12  villages,  including  a 
population  of  about  1500  of  different  nationalities,  but  where 
the  Italians  are  in  majority.  All  these  nucleus  communicate 
with  each  other,  by  good  roads,  connected  with  the  main  road 
of  Graciosa,  which  leads  to  the  cities  of  Morretes,  Antonina, 
&c.;  centres  which  consume  their  products,  consisting  in  cereals, 
potatoes  and  coffee. 

Province  of  Santa  Catharina. 

The  Bluraenau  Colony,  to-day,  the  city  of  the  same  name, 
including  two  parishes,  is  situated  in  the  valley  formed  by  the 
Itajahy  river  from  whose  port  a  large  quantity  of  the  products 
of  that  important  centre  of  population  is  exported. 

It  was  founded  in  1852,  by  Dr.  Hermann  Blumenau.  Hav- 
ing, soon  after,  been  acquired  by  the  State,  it  made  rapid  de- 
velopment, and  was  emancipated  in  1880.  Its  population  is 
over  17,000;  German  colonists  are  in  majority.  There  are 
also  a  great  many  Italians,  Portuguese,  etc. 

Agriculture  is  the  principal  pursuit  of  the  inhabitants  of  that 
ancient  colony  ;  they  use  150  ploughs,  and  cultivate  sugar  cane 
in  preference,  producing  over  880,000  pounds  of  sugar  and 
77,000  gallons  of  brandy  annually. 


i 


16 

In  addition  to  that  precious  conHugent,  thev  export  Indian 
corn  beans,  nee  and  flour  of  manioc,  potatoes  Xd  Jie^ 
dried  meat,  tobacco,  cigars,  timber,  etc.,  ete  '  ^         ' 

^fK  **"i^  contains  several  knitting  mills,  for  woreted  and 
other  stutts,  nme  cigar  factories,  nine^  breweries,  one  distileTv 
one  soap  factory,  two  typographical  cstablishnmnte  foondri^' 
copper-sm.ths,  tanneries,  shie  factories  andTveral  tailor  rj 
^rpenter  shops,  etc.  There  are  also  forty  saw  miHs  worked  bv 
ric?'  ^^'.7^  "T^'  **^"'"'  ^"^  27  girist  mills  fo7eornaS 
?27o,51^0?r^olt:ril*t:r^^-'«  over  400,0001000   or 

The  city  of  S.  Paulo  de  Blnmenau  is  connected  with  the  nort 
of  Itejahy  by  the  river  of  that  name,  of  easy  navSon      ^ 

the  CHv  Harl?'  r^T'  ^"J''^'"g^'  '^^  Cath!««  oh^rches, 
ary  insfruS      iTJ  "f-^*^  '  ?"^  ""?  ,««t«''li«h'nentfor  second! 

Th?!^o    f \  }^  •'"""*^  '*  healthful  and  temperate. 

Ine  area  of  that  ancient  cobnv  is  fthnnt  9  471  nnA„  .u 

cultivated  portion  is  above  SfiJoJ^^  Inlfl^l^li^: 
are  laj^e  tracts  of  uncultivated  land  suitable,  by  TteSellent 
quality,  to  every  kind  of  cultivation.  ^        excellent 

in  TssV'lf™.^^-^^"*^?' '"  ^^^^'  ""'I  emancipated 
ans  and  1  Sn^P"    *'°"  V^^^  ^'^"^'  <=omposed  of  2,500  ItaU 
TL^^     r^,  Germans ;  the  remainder  belongs  to  other  na- 
tionalties  (including  the  children  of  foreigners.) 

The  inhabitants  derive  profits  not  only  from  the  cnltivaHnn 
ot  sugar  cane  and  cereaU,  but  are  also  eng^ed  i^  various  h. 
tSf/^.r  •P'^'^"°*«  '^^"•''•^  those  of  ICenau Tnd  co": 
t?e  c  tv  The  T"T  "^  !*"  ^^Portation  through  the  jJrTof 
tde  city^  The  ex-colony  also  contains  saw  mills  ffrist  mill? 
and  different  factories,  one  of  them  for  weaving  si'ir  ' 

m;ii°  *'^*^°«'T«  «?*  of  carriage  roads  upon  a  surface  of  261 
miles  and  good  mule  trails,  on  an  area  of  95  miles  K^thin 

^b  other.     The  ancient  county  town  is  to-dav  the  nari«V.  «f 
8.  Luiz  Gonza^,  23  miles  from  the  port  of  iShy  wiA^Lh 

The  former  colonial  limits  included  several  different  dis- 
tnc  s,  among  which  is,  to^ay,  Nova  Trento,  whercoSerf" 
ble  improvements  have  been  made.     The  climate  like  S^^^^ 


17 

Blumenau,  is  healthful  and  agreeable.     There  is  still  a  great 
amount  of  uncultivated  land  of  well  known  fertility. 

The  D.  Francisca  Colony. — The  development  of  this  colony 
has  been  very  rapid;  the  beautiful  city  of  Join  ville  forms  its 
centre.  It  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Cachoeira  river,  at 
a  short  distance  from  the  important  port  of  S.  Francisco  do 
Sul,  which  will  probably  be  the  starting  point  of  the  projected 
D.  Pedro  I  railroad.  The  Imperial  Government  has  made 
contracts  with  an  English  company  now  engaged  in  studying 
the  route,  and  to  which  it  guarantees  an  interest  of  six  per  cent, 
upon  the  capital  used  in  the  enterprise.  Its  population  is  about 
23,800,  divided  between  the  city  of  Joinville  and  the  village  of 
8.  Bento;  which  includes  the  territory  of  the  D.  Francisca 
Colony.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  is  German.  A 
road  of  251  miles  is  kept  in  good  condition  and  crosses  the 
principal  parts  of  the  colony.  The  transportation  is  made 
by  502  drays,  each  capable  of  carrying  6,600  lbs.  There  are 
also  more  than  4,000  beasts  of  burden,  numerous  boats  of 
different  tonnage,  and  two  steamers,  one  of  which  was 
built  at  Joinville.  The  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  various 
industries,  but  especially  in  agriculture ;  sugar  cane  is  their 
principal  product.  Two  hundred  mills,  some  worked  by 
water  power,  others  by  steam,  and  a  few  by  horse  power, 
manufacture  sugar  and  brandy,  in  addition  to  a  central  mill 
capable  of  crushing  one  thousand  tons  of  sugar  cane  per 
day.  The  other  industries  followed  there,  are  of  the  most 
improved  systems.  Seven  factories,  three  of  which  worked 
by  steam,  are  used  for  the  preparation  of  "wa^e."  More- 
over, the  colony  has  four  mills  for  the  preparation  of  rice, 
36  joiner  or  carpenter  shops,  3  mills  for  the  manufacture 
of  arrow  root  (araruta)  and  starch,  18  blacksmith  and 
locksmith  shops,  8  tinsmith's  and  12  brick  yards.  The 
importation  and  exportation  last  year  amounted  to 
2,000:0001000  (about  $1,052,631.60  in  American  money. ) 

Throughout  the  colony  the  taste  and  comfort  of  the  in- 
habitants may  be  seen.  It  contains  several  buildings.  Catho- 
lic and  Protestant  churches,  cemetaries,  public  gardens, 
schools  and  telegraph  offices. 

The  Colonizing  Society  of  Hamburg,  subsidized  by  the 
State,  has  particularly  contributed  its  support  for  such 
notable  improvements.  This  society  took  charge  of  popu- 
lating the  fertile  lands  given  as  a  dowry  to  their  Highnesses 


/ 


18 

the  Princes  of  Joinville,  who,  on  their  part,  neglected  no 
means  to  increase  the  advantages  of  this  favored  region 
gifted  by  nature  with  such  a  mild  and  healthful  climate       ' 

The  AzAMBUJA  Colony.— Founded  in  1877,  and  emanci- 
pated in  1881.  It  is  situated  in  the  municipality  of  N.  8. 
da  Piedade  do  Tubarao,  in  proximity  to  the  D.  Thereza 
Christma  Raih-oad,  distant  from  it  about  6  miles,  upon  the 
banks  of  the  river  of  Pedras  Grandes,  confluent  of  the 
Tubarao  and  the  Urussanga,  and  which  runs  into  the  Ocean. 

Its  population  is  over  2,000,  mostly  Italians. 

Crossed  by  excellent  roads,  the  ancient  colony  of  Azam- 
buja  can  dispose  of  its  products  in  the  city  of  Tubarao, 
24  miles  distant.  Its  products  chiefly  consist  of  flour  of 
manioc  and  in  cereals,  which  are  exported  in  large  quanti- 
ties. Wheat,  grapes,  and  sugar  cane,  the  cultivation  of  which 
being  extensively  developed,  succeed  equally  well.  Four 
stills  manufacture  brandy.  There  are  yet  in  the  vicinity 
tracts  of  uncultivated  lands,  where  a  large  number  of  im- 
migrants can  be  advantageously  settled. 

The  Angelina  Colony.— Founded  in  1860  and  emanci- 
pated m  December,  1881.  Its  population  is  composed  of 
1700  inhabitants,  almost  all  Brazilians.  There  are  among 
them,  however,  families  of  other  nationalities,  engaged  in 
the  cultivation  of  cereals,  sugar  cane  and  cotton,  of  which 
they  obtain  abundant  crops,  and  send  to  the  nearest  muni- 
cipality of  the  county  town. 

The  Colony  of  Grao  Para.— It  belongs  to  a  private  com- 
pany and  was  founded  on  the  2d  of  December,  1882  upon 
the  patrimonial  estates  of  their  Highnesses  the  Count  and 
Countess  d'Eu,  on  the  line  of  the  D.  Thereza  Christina 
Kailroad,  m  the  municipalities  of  Tubarao  and  of  S.  Jose  de 
Lages. 

ftsarea  is  217,800  acres,  divided  in  three  equal  zones 
which  are  subdivided  in  colonial  lots  of  110  acres  and  of 
60  acres.  It  has  excellent  means  of  communication  and  is 
watered  by  numerous  water  courses,  some  of  which  are 
navigable  for  small  boats  ;  the  colony  is  growing  and  con- 
tains every  element  of  prosperity.  170  families,  represent- 
mg  over  1,000  persons,  are  already  settled  there  and  are 
engaged  m  cultivating  cereals,  potatoes,  onions,  grapes,  etc. 
1  be  cultivation  ol  cotton,  sugar  cane  and  wheat,  has  been 
tried  with    encouraging  success.    Germans   and  Italians 


19 

from  Northern  Italy  are  in  majority.  Every  colonial  lot 
includes  a  temporary  dwelling  and  a  tract  of  cleared  tim- 
ber land,  on  an  area  of  54,450  square  yards ;  thus,  the 
ground  is  ready  for  the  first  plantings. 

All  these  advantages  are  offered  for  75$000,  (thirty-nine 
dollars  and  fifty  cents  );  the  lot  of  110  acres,  cost  500$000, 
nearly  two  hundred  and  sixty-three  dollars  and  fifteen  cents; 
the  lots  of  60  acres  are  about  the  half  of  that  amount. 
The  payment  must  be  made  in  five  years,  dating  from  the 
first  year.  Paid  in  cash,  these  prices  are  reduced  by  a  dis- 
count of  20  per  cent.  In  addition  to  these  colonies,  there 
are  other  scattered  centres  in  various  localities,  which  will 
become  prosperous  as  soon  as  their  inhabitants  devote 
themselves  with  interest  and  energy  to  the  cultivation  of 
the  fertile  lands  placed  at  their  disposal  and  selected  care- 
fully for  their  settlement.  Generally,  the  Brazilian  soil 
richly  rewards  those  who  cultivate  it. 

Province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

The  Silveira  Martins  Colony. — Founded  in  1877,  and 
emancipated  in  1882.  Its  population  is  over  4,500,  mostly 
Italians  and  Germans.  It  is  situated  15  miles  from  the 
city  of  Santa  Maria  da  Bocca  do  Monte,  through  which  all 
its  various  products  are  exported.  At  the  same  distance  is 
the  station  of  Arroio  de  Sd,  on  the  rail-road  of  Porto  Algre 
to  Uruguayana;  and  a  good  road  connects  the  colony  with 
the  same  station.  This  colony  is  229  miles  from  the  county 
town  of  the  province,  and  from  the  city  of  Uru- 
guayana, the  terminus  of  the  railroad.  Its  fine  climate 
causes  the  soil  to  be  adapted  to  every  kind  of  cultivation 
indigenous  to  temperate  zones.  Barley,  wheat,  rye  and 
grapes,  grow  in  abundance,  as  well  as  tobacco,  Indian  corn, 
rice,  beans,  etc.  In  addition  to  these  staples,  the  exporta- 
tion of  which  is  important,  the  inhabitants  of  the  old  colony 
of  Silveira  Martins  are  engaged  in  raising  hogs,  and  selling 
lard  and  pork,  properly  cured.  In  the  winter  the  ther- 
mometer often  marks  9°  Farenheit.  The  condition  of 
this  colony,  to-day,  a  parish  of  the  province,  is  very 
prosperous.  There  are  still  found  in  its  vicinity,  large 
tracts  of  uncultivated  lands.  It  has  schools  for  both  sexes, 
and  a  church  in  course  of  construction,  the  expense  of 
which  is  covered  by  a  subscription  made  among  the  colo- 
nists. 


20 

The  Cajcias  CoLONY.-Thi8  colonial  villaee   which   does 
prolret  'Vtl^'f  *'*'*?  eight  v-ears, is  reLrkabL  fork 

Kif  nrn?tl?  "^"'^  ""1  l^'  ■'^'""'^*''  '»"«l  ^^e  fertility  of 
Its  soil,  profitably  worked   by  its  industrious  inhabitants 

doubtless  secure  for  it  a  brilliant  future.    FounH  in  1876 

12  000  ^f  1>045,350,000  square  yards.  The  population  is  over 
12,000  nearly  composed  of  Italians,  engaifed  not  onlv  in 
agncultural  pursuits,  but  also  in  commerce?  the  devefoo" 
ment  of  wh.ch  ,8  proved  by  the  existence  of  more  than  50 
commercial  houses,  some  of  them  having  a  large  capUal 
There  are  also  over  30  grist,  7  saw  mills,*?  forces  8  Sar 
and  cigarette   factories,  5  hat   factories,'/  SerL  for 

presses  tor  making  linseed  oil,  also  soap  factories,  tailor  and 

hXs  :[c    T«  ^^*^^r '^r'  T'"'  '^"••kets,  hotels,  coft^e 
nouses,  etc.    fts  agricultural  products  are  Indian  corn  beans 

Generally  the  colonists  cultivate  hemp,  which  the  women 

The  inhabitants  are  in  constant  communication  with  the 
county  town,  where  they  bring  not  only  their  a<rrrcultura1 
products,  but  also  those  of  their  more  progressivl  indust^l 

The  raising  of  silk  worms  has  been  successfully  tried  the 
the  climate  being  admirably  adapted  to  it,  and  thehdlabi 

^T,  ^^'"% ')^  P™^^''^'''  knowledge  necessary  to  derive 
great  benehts  from  that  rich  industry.  There  are  tW 
pi-mcipal  centres  of  this  ancient  colony,Cami^  dos  Bu^Ls 

stm^•:;^.i;:^„1L 'vSnit^  The'^orei.^^^^^^^ 
ri^Sr' ''-''''  ^"^^  lotlt  ?h::stSi::i''o7;fe;^ 

The  CoNDE  d'Eu  and  D.  Izabel  Colony— These  imnnr 
Unt  colonial  villages,  like  those  of  Caxias,  are  in  a  ver;^?^^: 


21 

perous  condition.  Their  population  is  over  16,000,  peaceful, 
laborious  people,  almost  all,  of  Italian  origin. 

These  colonies  are  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Antas 
river,  and  are  crossed  in  their  greatest  length  by  an  old  road 
leading  to  the  plains  of  la  Vaccaria. 

Originally,  the  Conde  d'Eu  and  D.  Izabel  colonies  were 
•founded  separately,  but  later,  they  were  united  and  placed 
under  the  same  administration.  Emancipated  in  March,  1884, 
they  form,  to-day,  part  of  the  civil  division  of  the 
province,  under  the  title  of  parishes.  These  two  centres  occupy 
an  area  of  402,292  acres,  two  thirds  of  which  are  inhabited. 

The  mountainous  condition  of  the  soil,  the  height  of  which, 
in  several  places,  is  about  2,460  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
enables  these  colonies  to  produce  every  kind  of  cereals,  grapes, 
mulberry  trees  and  hemp.  There  is  also  a  large  quantity  of 
timber,  among  which  pine  predominates. 

The  state  of  agriculture  is  very  flourishing,  the  colonists  in 

feneral  being  engaged  in  it.    They  cultivate  with  advantage, 
ndian  corn,  beans,  rye,  wheat,  grapes,  potatoes,  flaxseed,  mul- 
berry and  olive  trees. 

Several  branches  of  commerce  and  industry  begin  to  show 
developement. 

The  grinding  of  wheat  and  rye,  and  the  manufacture  of  wine, 
are  the  principle  products.  In  the  future,  other  important  in- 
dustries will  give  good  results,  as  soon  as  they  shall  have 
received  the  necessary  impulse,  for  instance,  the  experiments 
in  making  silk,  and  in  weaving  cotton,  are  promising. 

These  colonies  have  about  40  commercial  houses,  5  forges,  6 
shoe  shops,  14  mills — one  of  which,  with  steam  power-— 4 
breweries,  saw  mills,  joiner  or  carpenter  shops,  tanneries,  butcher 
shops,  2  hotels,  tailors,  tin  ware  stores,  etc.,  as  well  as  a 
great  number  of  grist  and  saw  mills,  worked  by  water 
power. 

This  important  colonial  nucleus  is  connected  with  the  vil- 
lage of  S.  JoSo  de  Montenegro,  by  an  excellent  road,  called 
Buarque  de  Macedo.  This  village,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Cahy  river,  is  in  regular  communication  with  Porto  Algre, 
county  town  of  the  province,  by  means  of  a  line  of  steamers. 

The  Province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  has  other  colonial 
centres,  where  many  European  immigrants  are  also  estab- 
lished. Among  these  colonies  are  those  of  Nova  Petropolis,  Nova 


^'1 


22 

Palmyra  and  Picada  Feliz,  which  are  supported  by  the  Provin- 
cial Treasury. 

In  addition  to  the  colonial  centres  just  mentioned,  there 
are  others  scattered  in  several  provinces  of  the  Empire, 
and  more  or  less  prosperous,  according  to  their  location  ;  some 
of  them  being  supported  by  private  companies. 

The  Ancient  Colony  of  Porto  Real.— Situated  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  banks  of  the  broad  Parahyba 
was  emancipated  shortly  after  its  foundation.  On  its  territory 
a  central  mill  was  built  and  subsidized  by  a  private  company, 
to  improve  and  develop  the  cultivation  of  sugar  cane,  which  is 
as  admirably  adapted  to  the  land  of  that  colony,  as  to  those 
stretched  along  the  Parahyba  Valley. 

In  order  to  facilitate  transportation  of  the  sugar  cane 
from  the  neighboring  plantations  to  the  colony,  a  little  steamer 
has  been  constructed  and  fitted  out  by  the  company.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  950,  divided  as  follows : 

Brazilians 280 

Italians 470 

French 120 

Swiss 81 

Portuguese 40 

The  remainder  belong  to  different  nationalities.  The  tract 
which  can  be  cultivated  contains  4,717  acres,  divided  into  188 
lots,  of  25  acres  each;  at  present,  there  are  but  1,432  acres 
under  cultivation. 

The  managers  of  the  central  mill  sell  the  vacant  lots  at  a 
low  figure.  The  colony  contains  3  sugar  mills,  5  slate  works 
67  brick  houses  with  tile  roofs,  and  80  covered  with  thatch! 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  sugar 
cane,  and  are  very  well  satisfied  with  the  results  already  ob- 
tained. 

The  forwarding  of  the  products  of  the  colony  to  Rio  de 
Janeiro  is  made  by  the  D.  Pedro  U  Railroad,  from  which  the 
Divisa  Station  is  about  6  miles  distant,  and  107  miles  from 
the  main  station  in  the  capital  of  the  Empire. 

MmGEMENT  OF  IMMIGRATION  IM  THE  PROVISCES. 

In  the  provinces  of  Santa  Catharina,  Parana  and  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul,  the  Imperial  Government  has  trusty  agents,  who, 
advised  by  telegraph  from  the  General  Director,  of  the  arrival 
of  the  steamers  bringing  immigrants,  are  instructed  to  go  on 


board,  to  receive  and  shelter  them,  at  the  port  of  landing, 
in  houses  selected  for  that  purpose,  and  to  forward  them  to 
their  destination. 

Among  them,  there  are  some,  who  have  chosen  their  locality 
and  others  who  have  not  yet  decided  where  to  go. 

In  the  former  case,  the  agent  shall  show  them  the  surveyed 
lots  which  are,  as  already  stated,  in  the  neighborhood  of  colo- 
nial centres.  The  location  once  selected,  means  of  transpor- 
tation are  offered  them;  and  having  reached  the  place, 
they  are  established  by  the  Engineer  Commission,  who  have 
exclusive  charge  of  the  survey  and  measuring  of  lots. 

A  few  provinces,  however,  into  which  flows  a  large  tide  of 
immigrants,  have  a  special  management  for  immigration.  The 
province  of  S.  Paulo,  for  instance,  keeps,  at  its  own  expense,  a 
hotel  capable  of  accomodating  500  immigrants,  a  building  well 
ventilated  and  meeting  with  the  hygienic  requirements  needed 
in  such  cases.  It  is  situated  one  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
centre  of  S.  Paulo,  county  town  of  the  province.  The  manage- 
ment is  similar  to  that  of  the  city  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The 
immigrants  are  met  at  the  station  by  an  agent  of  the  province. 

The  provincial  government  of  S.  Paulo,  confers  upon  im- 
migrants who  settle  immediately,  the  advantages  contained  in 
the  following  law,  passed  last  year: 

Law  No.  29,  of  the  28th  of  March,  1884. 

Art.  T.  From  this  date,  the  government  will  come  to  the 
assistance  of  the  immigrants  of  various  nationalities,  who  settle 
in  the  province  of  S.  Paulo.  The  traveling  compensations  shall 
be  as  follows :  701000  for  persons  above  12  years,  351000  for 
those  from  7  to  12  years  old,  and  17$000  for  those  from  3 
to  7  years. 

The  pecuniary  aid  will  be  given  directly  to  the  immigrant. 
The  only  one  entitled  to  it,  shall  be  married  couples  with 
or  without  children,  and  who  shall  engage  in  agricultural  pur- 
suits, in  private  colonies  or  colonial  centres  that  may  be  estab- 
lished in  the  province,  either  by  the  general  or  provincial 
government,  by  corporations,  or  private  enterprise. 

Art.  II.  For  eight  days  the  government  will  furnish  board 
and  lodging  in  the  hotel  of  the  county  town,  to  every  immi- 
grant, farmer  or  not,  who  shall  settle  in  the  province, 
whether  he  landed  at  Santos  or  at  Rio  de  Janeiro ; 
in  the  latter  case,  he  shall  be  required  to  have  a  passport  duly 


Ill 


24 

authenticated  bj  the  General  Inspector  of  lands  and  coloniza- 
tion. 

Art  III.  The  government  is  authorized  to  form  as  many  as 
five  colonial  centres  in  the  vicinity  of  railroads  and  navie^able 
rivers,  as  well  as  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  principal  agricul- 
tural centres  of  the  province.  *^        r       & 

§  1.     For  that   purpose  it  shall   purchase   lands  of   trood 
quality  for  cultivation  ( those  already  cultivated,  preferred ) 
which    It    shall   cause   to    be    surveyed,  measured    and    di- 
vided into  lots,  upon  which  temporary  houses  are  to  be  built 

§  2.  The  lots  shall  be  of  26  acres  each,  and  classified  ac- 
cording to  the  quality  of  the  soil,  and  sold  either  for  cash  or  on 
time. 

§  3.     The  price  of  each  lot  shall  be  fixed  according  to  the 
quality  of  the  soil  and  other  conditions  of  cultivation ;  when  the 
payment  is  in  cash,  the  discount  will  be  one-half  of  the  price. 
200«o'oo'^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  temporary  house  shall    not  exceed 

§  5.  The  government  shall  cause  roads  to  be  opened  in  the 
colonial  centres,  in  order  to  bring  them  inio  communication  with 
each  other,  and  to  connect  them  with  the  nearest  station. 

§  6.  A  school  for  both  sexes  shall  be  built  in  every  colonial 
hamlet.  *^ 

Art.  IV.  The  government  shall  be  free  to  make  contracts 
with  pnyate  parties  or  companies  to  introduce  immigrants 
who  shall  settle  as  land  owners,  in  centres  formed  by  these 
^°p  ininnn  ^^^  corporatious,  to  whom  shall  be  granted  a  subsidy 
ot  40$000  for  every  immigrant  above  12  years,  and  20|000  for 
those  between  7  and  12  years. 

§  1.  These  immigrants  shall  benefit  by  the  advantages  stip- 
ulated m  Art.  I  of  the  present  law,  and  on  the  same  condi- 
tions. 

§  2.  The  government  may  make  contracts,  in  preference 
with  private  parties  or  companies  whose  object  shall  be  to  sell 
to  immigrants  proper  lands  for  the  cultivation  of  coffee. 

Art.  V.  For  the  execution  of  Art.  Ill  of  the  present  law 
the  government  shall,  in  preference,  treat  with  companies 
tormed  for  that  purpose,  in  consideration  of  the  subsidy  men- 
tioned m  the  preceding  article.  It  shall,  in  the  contracts  en- 
tered into,  observe  the  provisions  of  decree  No.  8819  of 
the  30th  of  December,  1882,  approving  the  amendments  niade 
in  the  contract  with  the  Colonization  Society  of  Hamburg 


25 

Art.  VI.  For  the  management  of  immigration  in  the  pro- 
vince of  S.  Paulo,  the  following  appointments  have  been  made : 
an  Inspector  of  Immigration,  at  a  salary  of  3,600$000  per  an- 
num ;  an  Assistant  Inspector,  receiving  2,000$000 ;  a  Disburs- 
ing Agent,  at  960^000 ;  an  employee  for  outside  duties,  at 
960?000  ;  a  Hospital  Steward  to  take  charge  of  the  Infirmary, 
at  860*000  ;  finally,  a  Doctor,  at  a  salary  of  2,400*000. 

§  1.  The  management  and  general  inspection  of  Immigra- 
tion in  the  province  are  placed  under  the  General  Inspector. 
Art.  VII.  The  President  of  the  province  is  authorized  to 
open  a  special  credit  to  execute  this  law.  The  expenses,  in- 
cluding agencies  formed,  and  the  aid  given  to  immi- 
grants, shall  not  exceed  400:000*000  per  annum;  moreover, 
200:000*000  shall  be  appropriated  for  the  foundation  of  colo- 
nial centres. 

Art.  VIII.  The  government  shall  take  the  necessary  meas- 
ures for  the  enforcement  of  the  present  law. 

During  the  first  six  months  of  1884,  3174  immigrants  ar- 
rived in  the  province  of  S.  Paulo,  and  immediately  settled. 
Their  nationality  was  as  follows : 

Italians 1,658 

Portuguese 1,396 

Spaniards 94 

Germans 98 

Frenchmen 12 

Swiss 1 

Turks 15 

Two-thirds  of  the  Italians  came  from  the  Tyrol.  • 
Other  provinces,  such  as  the  Amazon,  are  also  taking  the 
necessary  measures  to  receive  immigrants,  and  are  organizing 
agencies  for  that  purpose.  The  province  of  the  Amazon  has  re- 
cently passed  the  following  law  relating  to  immigration  and 
colonization : 

Art.  I.  From  this  date,  the  government  shall  favor  For- 
eign immigration  destined  to  the  Province  of  the  Amazon, 
whatever  may  be  its  nationality,  faith  or  religion.  As  soon  as 
the  immigrant  settles  permanently  in  the  colonies  founded  in 
the  extensive  hydrographic  basin  of  that  river,  he  shall  enjoy 
the  following  advantages: 

§  1 .  Free  transportation  by  third  class  passage,  ( according  to 
the  number  of  places  at  the  disposal  of  the  province )  to  the 
city  of  Manaos  by  subsidized  lines  of  steamers. 


26 

§  2.  Traveling  indemnity,  conformably  to  the  charges  of 
the  different  shipping  ports  for  this  county  town. 

§  3  Free  board  and  lodging  for  eight  days,  at  the  hotel 
established  for  the  immigrants  in  this  county  town  or  in  any 
other  locality. 

§  4.  Immediate  delivery  of  the  tracts  of  land,  surveyed  and 
measured,  to  be  sold  to  the  immigrants. 

§  5.  Free  passage  by  water  to  the  point  selected  by  the 
immigrant. 

Art.  II.  The  government  may  offer  to  companies  or  private 
parties,  who  shall  introduce  colonists  in  the  province,  the  fol- 
lowing advantages : 

§  1.  Free  passage,  traveliDg  expenses,  board,  transportation 
to  the  interior  and  delivery  of  the  colonial  tracts  of  land,  as 
specified  m  the  paragraphs  contamed  in  Art.  I. 

§  2.  Guarantee  of  an  annual  interest  of  6  per  cent,  for  10 
years,  upon  a  maximum  paid  up  capital  of  400:000$000,  to 
limited  companies  or  private  enterprise,  which  shall  introduce 
Foreign  immigrants  into  the  province  and  shall  at  once  settle 
them  in  the  colonial  establishments  of  said  province  or  in  those 
of  the  same  companies. 

§  3.  The  capital  of  the  company  shall  be  paid  up,  conform- 
ably to  the  provision  made  for  the  execution  of  the  present 
law. 

§  4.  The  colonial  lots  belonging  to  the  company  to  which 
the  interest  was  guaranteed,  shall  always  be  delivered  in  full 
ownership,  and  at  the  price  fixed  by  the  provision  of  the  law, 
according  to  the  quality  of  the  lands. 

Art.  in.  Baggage,  agricultural  implements  and  tools  belong- 
ing to  immigrants,  shall  always  be  transported  at  the  expense 
of  the  province,  on  board  the  subsidized  steamers.  These 
steamers  shall  receive  additional  compensation  when  the  weight 
of  the  objects  already  mentioned  is  in  excess  to  what  the  pro- 
vince is  entitled. 

Art.  IV.  The  government  shall  purchase  good  lands  upon 
the  banks  of  navigable  rivers.  These  lands  shall  be  surveyed, 
measured  and  divided  into  lots,  the  area  and  size  must  never  be 
inferior  to  those  fixed  by  the  decree  No.  5655,  of  June  3d,  1874. 

§  1.  The  price  of  every  lot  shall  be  the  same  as  that  paid 
by  the  province  to  the  State,  the  lot,  however,  may  be  ceded 
free  of  charge,  to  the  colonists,  who  shall  be  engaged  exclu- 
sively in  agricultural  pursuits  or  in  raising  cattle. 


27 

§  2.  In  case  the  colonial  lot  should  be  bought  by  the  im- 
migrant, the  price  shall  be  lowered  one  half,  if  the  payment  is 
made  in  cash. 

Art.  V.  The  President  of  the  province  is  authorized  to  estab- 
lish four  colonial  centres  on  the  banks  of  navigable  rivers  and 
in  the  localities  most  advantageous  to  agriculture. 

Art.  VI.  The  government  may  make  contracts  with  private 
corporations  or  enterprises  for  the  introduction  of  Foreign 
immigrants  who  shall  come  and  settle  as  land  owners  in  the 
colonial  centres  founded  by  those  corporations,  upon  the  con- 
dition of  receiving  the  following  subsidies : 

A.)  For  every  immigrant  over  12  years  of  age,  50|000. 

B.)  For  every  immigrant  between  7  and  12  years,  25|000. 

C)  For  every  family  of  more  than  four  persons,  from 
100$000  to  150|000,  according  to  the  number  of  members 
composing  it. 

Art.  VII.  The  colonial  subsidy  may  be  paid  in  advance,  but 
not  exceeding  the  half  of  the  amount  calculated  according  to 
the  number  of  immigrants  which  the  company  intends  to  intro- 
duce, on  the  condition  of  a  good  guarantee,  equal  to  a  mortgage 
on  real  estate,  given  to  the  treasury  of  the  province. 

Art.  VIII.  The  government  may  cause  to  be  constructed 
for  the  colonists,  small  temporary  houses  in  the  colonial  cen- 
tres which  it  shall  establish,  upon  conditions  to  be  decided 
by  competent  authorities.  The  value  of  each  house  shall 
not  exceed  100$000. 

Art.  IX.  In  every  colonial  centre  there  shall  be  mixed  pri- 
mary schools.  As  soon  as  the  funds  permit  it,  there  shall  be 
one  for  each  sex. 

Art.  X.  The  native  colonists,  who  settle  upon  the  same  con- 
ditions as  Foreigners,  shall  enjoy  the  same  advantages. 

Art.  XI.  Carpenters,  masons,  stone-cutters,  potters,  street 
laborers,  blacksmiths,  coopers,  and  others  considered  as  being 
of  primary  necessity,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  advantages 
and  protection. 

A  RT.  XII.  Tlie  President  of  the  province  may  engage  colo- 
nists abroad,  through  one  or  more  trusty  agents. 

§  1.  The  agent  shall  receive  a  salary  not  to  exceed 
3:500$000  per  annum,  exclusive  of  his  traveling  expenses. 

§  2.  No  funds  shall  be  given  to  him  without  the  guarantee 
of  a  mortgage  or  lien,  conformably  to  the  provisions  of  Art. 

VII. 

Art.  Xin.  The  President  of  the  province  shall  us  early  as 


! 


m 


' nffli  I 


possible  take  the  necessary  measures  for  the  execution  of  the 
present  law  and  or^nize  every  existing  branch  of  the  service 
or  those  to  be  formed  hereafter. 

u'^^I\^J-  ^^«°o°,a8  a  strong  tide  of  fre.  immigration 
shall  t^e  place  throughout  the  great  valley  of  the  Amazon, 
from  Panntins  to  the  frontiers  of  neighboring  States,  the 
provincial  Government  shall  subsidize  one  or  more  steam- 
ship  hnes  for  the  special  transportation  of  colonists. 

Akt.  XV.  In  the  annual  appropriation  for  the  expenses  of 
the  government    for  1884-1885,  necessary  funds  shall  be 
granted  for  the  execution  of  the  present  law. 
an^u"n  d^^'  ^^^"^^  pro^Taion  contrary  to  the  above  b  hereby 

CUSTOM  HOUSE  REfiUlATIONS  REIATIJIG  TO  THE  BAfifilCE  OF 

INHIGftAKTS. 

PASSBNGBRS'  BAOaAGB  AND  SAMPLES. 

Art.  459.  Following  shall  be  considered  as  baggage :  1st. 
Clothing  already  worn.  2d.  Tools  and  implementsin  laily  use 
or  connected  with  the  profession  of  the  passengers  or  officere 
and  crews  of  vessels.  3d.  Chests,  boxes,  traveling  trunks,  bags 
or  other  receptacles  for  securing  or  holding  objecte  mentioned 
m  tnis  article.  • 

Art.  460.  In  addition  to  the  objects  mentioned  above,  the 
tol  owing  shall  be  specially  considered  as  baggage  of  the  ^lo- 
nists  who  settle  on  the  territorj  of  the  Empire:  Ist.  Bedsteads, 
cots  and  ordinary  beds,  according  to  the  means  and  position  of 
their  owner.  2d  Crockery  for  daily  use.  3d.  Agricultural  imple- 
ments and  professional  tools.  4th.  Furniture  of  every  kind 
and  objects  of  ordinary  use,  provided  that  neither  the  number 
nor  quantity  shall  exceed  what  is  necessary  for  the  use  of  the 
colonist  and  his  family.  5th.  A  shot-gun  for  every  adult  colo- 
niBD. 

Art  461.  After  the  inspection,  upon  the  arrival  of  the 
colonists,  the  collector  of  customs  or  his  deputy  shall  distrib- 
ute to  every  passenger  numbered  tickets  stating  where  thev 
came  from  and  shall  inform  them,  according  to  instruction* 
Irom  his  superior  officer,  of  the  day  and  hour  when  the  exami- 
nation of  baggage  shall  take  place. 

Art  462.  Immediately  after  landing,  the  passengers'  batr- 
gage  shall  be  transferred  to  a  special  storehouse  a^d  placed 


29 

according  to  their  tickets,  so  as  to  be  easily  found  at  the  time 
of  inspection. 

Art.  463.  As  soon  as  the  customs  inspector,  or  the  re- 
ceiver, shall  have  obtained  the  declarations  relating  to  the  bag- 
gage of  each  passenger,  he  shall  countersign  and  deliver  them 
to  one  or  more  inspectors  who  shall  proceed  with  the  exami- 
nation and  declaration,  according  to  provisions  of  Art. 
153. 

Art.  464.  At  the  appointed  time,  the  examiner  shall,  in 
presence  of  the  clerks  under  him,  admit  every  passenger,  one 
by  one,  according  to  the  numerical  order  of  the  ticket — show- 
ing the  baggage  belonging  to  him ;  after  opening  it,  the  agent 
shall  proceed  with  its  examination,  compare  it  with  the  declar- 
ations made,  and  lay  aside  the  articles  liable  to  duty,  to  be  ex- 
amined later ;  these  articles  shall  be  delivered  with  a  receipt 
to  the  storekeeper,  or  to  one  of  his  employees,  for  consignment 
to  a  particular  storehouse.  This  done,  everything  not  liable  to 
duty  shall  be  immediately  delivered  to  the  passenger  with  a 
free  permit. 

Art.  466.  Passengers'  boxes  containing  merchandise  ex- 
clusively, or  articles  of  commerce,  shall  be  entered  on  the  ship's 
manifest;  should  this  be  neglected,  the  passenger  guilty  of 
such  violation,  or  omission,  shall  be  liable  to  fine — as  set  forth 
in  Art.  433,  §  2d — even  though  these  articles  be  mentioned 
in  the  list  of  baggage. 

Art.  468.  Whilst  examining  and  verifying  the  passengers' 
baggage,  the  inspectors  and  other  employees  shall  abstain 
as  far  as  possible  from  a  too  minute  search,  if  the  social  po- 
sition and  character  of  the  owner  present  at  the  examination 
inspire  confidence  and  prevent  any  suspicion  of  contraband, 
or  fraud,  except  in  case  of  advice  from  an  informer,  or  of  such 
a  nature  as  to  destroy  confidence. 

Art.  469.  The  examination  and  verification  of  baggage  can 
be  made  on  board  the  vessels  which  bring  the  colonists. 

Art.  512.  The  following  merchandise  and  articles  shall 
be  exempt  from  importation  duties,  after  the  customs  inspector 
or  receiver  shall  have  taken  the  necessary  fiscal  precautions: 

.§  2.     Small  hand  machines  belonging  to  colonists. 

§  4.     Bedsteads,  cots  and  ordinary  beds,  crockery  for  daily 

use,  and  other  furniture  and  utensils,  provided  neither  the 
number  nor  the  quality  exceed  the  requirements  for  the  domes- 
tic use  of  the  colonists  or  that  of  their  families. 


'M^ 


30 

§  5.  Implements  for  agriculture  and  the  liberal  arts,  or  ma- 
chines brought  by  colonists  or  artisans  who  come  to  settle 
in  Brazil,  provided  they  are  necessary  for  their  profession  or 
trade.    Every  adult  colonist  shall  be  entitled  to  one  shot-gun. 

§  6.  Provisions  belonging  to  colonists  and  needed  for 
their  support  while  unemployed. 

§  15.  Linen  and  clothing,  already  worn,  as  well  as  tools, 
articles,  or  utensils  necessary  for  their  daily  labor  or  trade. 

§  28.  Gold  and  silver  in  bars,  powder,  ore  and  leaf,  and 
foreign  or  national  coins. 

§  30.  Agricultural  machines,  and  those  intended  for  facto- 
ries, steamers  and  railroads. 

§  31.  Pieces  of  machinery  imported  separately,  and  upon 
which  a  report  shall  be  made  by  experts  designated  by  the 
Chief  of  the  Administration — and  in  his  presence— proving  that 
they  cannot  be  applied  to  any  other  use  than  for  the  replacing  of 
worn  out  pieces  in  the  respective  machines,  or  as  re- 
serves in  case  of  need. 

Table  showing  the  number  of  Immigrants  who  landed  at  the 
port  of  Bio  de  Janeiro,  from  July  Ut,  1883,  to  June  30thj 

1884.- 


NATIONALITY. 


Germans „.. j    1,^90 

Aastrians Mg 

Americans - '         10 

Argentine  Reitnblie ~ j        is 

English '       158 

Belgians 24 

Spaniards 2343 

Frenchmen 

lUliar.s 

Repablic  of  Uragaay 

Moors ".— 

Portuguese 

Peruvlang 

Russians ~ 

Swisa ~ 

Swedes ■« 

Turks ~ 

Divers 


Mi 

610 

19 

f 

54 

7 
SS3 


15S 

4S7 

1   10,8M 

8,1M 

'         11 

8 

1           t 

8 

,   IIJW 

5,MT 

i           1 

7 

10 
M 

48 

< 

80 

8 

t3M 

780 
» 
3S 

%l% 

31 

S,57« 

579 

13,896 

19 

10 

17^183 

8 

10 

149 

t 

6 

?3 


96,789  i  11,141  1  87,931 


BRAZILIAN  EMPIRE. 

The  Empire  of  Brazil  occupies  the  Eastern  part  of  South 
America,  and  its  boundaries  touch  every  other  country  of  this 
part  of  the  New  World,  except  Chili.  It  is  comprised  be- 
tween latitudes  5°  10'  North  and  33°  46'  10"  South,  and  lon- 


«tudes  8°  21'  24"  East  and  32°  West,  from  the  meridian  of 
Bio  de  Janeiro. 

This  vast  Empire  comprises  one-lifteenth  part  of  the  land 
surface  of  the  globe,  one-fifth  of  the  two  Americas,  or  more 
than  three-sevenths  of  South  America. 

Its  surface  contains  3,250,000  square  miles,  or  sixteen  times 
the  extent  of  France  or  Germany,  and  thirty  times  that  of  Italy. 
In  extent  of  territory  Brazil  ranks  next  to  the  Russian  Empire, 
the  British  Empire  and  China. 

Its  coast  line  is  5,000  miles  in  length. 

General  Aspect. — The  land  surface  of  Brazil  is  generally 
undulating,  but  less  mountainous  in  the  Southern  extremity. 
It  contains  extensive  plains,  large  valleys  and  immense  rivers. 
In  the  centre,  high  and  wide  table  lands,  and  numerous  ranges 
of  mountains  spreading  in  every  direction. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  hot  and  moist  in  the  intra-tropi- 
cal  belt  during  the  rainy  season;  elsewhere  it  is  temperate 
and  relatively  dry.  In  the  valley  of  the  Amazon,  under 
the  equator,  the  mean  temperature  is  78°  Fahrenheit,  but 
the  elevation  of  the  surface,  the  vegetation,  and  the  East 
winds,  modify  greatly  the  effects  of  the  heat.  Even  close 
to  the  equator,  districts  may  be  found  where  the  climate  is 
mild  in  summer  and  cold  in  winter.  From  Fara  to  the  pro- 
vince of  S.  Paulo  the  climate  along  the  coast  is  hot; 
but  lea\ing  the  coast,  the  temperature  sensibly  diminishes 
under  the  influence  of  the  mountain  chains  that  follow  the 
coast  line,  and  of  the  elevation  of  the  surface.  Thus,  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro  it  is  hot  during  the  summer,  but  at  a  short 
distance  from  that  city,  in  the  suburbs  situated  on  the  sur- 
rounding heights,  one  may  enjoy  a  delightful  climate,  tem- 
perate all  the  year  round. 

The  Provinces  of  Minas  Qeraes,  Parana,  Santa  Catharina, 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul  and  S.  Paulo,  with  exception  of  the 
coast  of  the  latter,  present  a  climate  similar  to  that  of  South- 
ern Europe. 

Outside  of  the  low  and  marshy  lands  and  the  banks  of 
certain  water-courees,  one  does  not  find  in  Brazil  those 
severe  maladies  which  are  wont  to  decimate  great  popula 
tions.  Such  was  the  opinion  of  the  author  of  The  Climate 
and  Maladies  of  Brazil.  He  considered  that  country,  which 
he  had  visitecl  and  where  he  had  long  lived,  as  one  of  the 


Ill 


312 

most  healthful  of  the  globe;  and  he  added  that  Brazil  is  to 
the  New  World  what  Italy  was  to  the  Old. 

In  Europe,  whenever  Brazil  is  mentioned,  one  thinks  of 
the  yellow  fever.  This  is  due  to  the  exaggerations  of  cer- 
tain travelers.  The  yellow  fever  made  its  first  appearance 
in  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1850,  and  since  that  date,  it  is  met 
with  from  time  to  time  in  great  cities  of  the  seaboard,  but 
never  penetrates  into  the  interior.  It  is  true  that  at  Rio, 
as  at  Santos,  Bahia  and  Pernambuco,  there  is  sometimes, 
during  the  summer,  a  certain  number  of  cases  of  yellow 
fever;  but,  all  other  things  being  equal,  this  disease  slays 
no  more  in  the  maritime  cities  than  typhoid  fever  in  Paris. 
It  is  particularly  those  newly  arrived  in  the  country  who  are 
attacked  by  this  disease,  unless  they  take  certain  hygienic 
precautions,  indispensable  to  a  change  of  climate.  The 
Government  does  not  permit  during  the  warm  season  the 
collection  of  great  numbers  of  immigrants  in  the  maritime 
cities.  As  fast  as  they  arrive  new  immigrants  are  sent  into 
the  interior  and  to  the  colonies  to  which  they  are  des- 
tined. 

The  climate  of  Brazil  is  generally  very  healthful,  and  ac- 
cording to  the  latitude  and  topography  of  the  localities, 
offers  the  advantages  required  by  Foreign  immigra- 
tion, which,  under  such  favorable  conditions  and  thanks 
also  to  the  wonderful  fertility  of  the  soil,  meets  with  every 
element  necessary  to  gain  wealth  and  independence. 

Population. — The  population  of  Brazil,  to-day,  is  only 
12,000,000;  a  very  small  number,  it  is  true,  for  so  vast  a 
territory,  but  which  is  rapidly  increasing;  in  the  first  place 
from  births,  and  secondly,  and  still  more,  from  Foreign  im- 
migration. This  country,  with  its  truly  wonderful  riches 
and  natural  fertility,  where  existence  is  so  easy,  might  easily 
support  700,000,000  inhabitants,  if  the  population  were  as 
dense  as  that  of  Germany,  France,  or  other  countries  of 
Europe.  The  inhabitants  belong  in  part  to  the  Caucasian, 
African  and  Indian  races,  and  partly  to  crosses  between 
these  races,  in  the  following  proportions: 

Of  pure  Caucasian  race One-third. 

Of  African  or  Indian One-third. 

Of  Metis  or  mixed One-third. 

The  Foreigners  number  about  500,000,  of  whom  more 


than  one-half  are  Portuguese;  the  Germans  and  Italians 
coming  next. 

Government  —  The  form  of  government  is  Constitu- 
tional, Monarchical,  Hereditary  and  Representative. 

The  reigning  Dynasty  is  that  of  D.  Pedro  I — of  the  House 
of  Bragan^a-Founder  and  PerpetualDefender  of  the  Empire, 
and  father  of  the  present  Emperor,  D.  Pedro  11,  a  sovereign 
loved  and  venerated  by  every  inhabitant  of  the  country, 
as  much  for  his  noble  mind,  eminently  patriotic,  just  and 
liberal,  as  for  the  qualities  of  his  kind  and  generous 
heart. 

The  Political  Constitution  of  Brazil  dates  from  March 
25th,  1824,  and  has  been  in  part  modified  by  the  Addi- 
tional Act  of  1834.  It  recognizes  four  branches  of  political 
power:  the  Legislative,  Moderative,  Executive  and  Judi- 
ciary. 

The  Legislative  Power  is  vested  in  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  and  the  Senate,  with  the  sanction  of  the  Empe- 
ror. 

The  Senate  is  composed  of  fifty-eight  members,  elected 
for  life.  Whenever  there  is  a  vacancy  in  the  body,  the 
electors  of  the  province  to  which  the  seat  belongs  present 
to  the  Emperor  for  his  selection  a  list  of  three  names. 

For  the  election  of  Deputies,  the  capital  of  the  Empire 
and  the  provinces  are  divided  into  electoral  districts,  since 
the  reform  of  January  9th,  1881,  which  established  direct 
sufiTrage.  Each  district  chooses  a  deputy.  The  Chamber  is 
elected  for  four  years  and  may  be  dissolved  by  the  Empe- 
ror. 

The  Emperor  isChief  of  the  Executive  Power,  jwad  governs 
through  his  Ministers  of  State. 

There  are  seven  ministerial  departments:  Ministry  of  Fi- 
nance; of  the  Empire  (Interior,  Public  Instruction,  Wor- 
ship) ;  of  Justice ;  of  Foreign  Affairs;  of  War;  of  the  Marine, 
ana  of  Agriculture,  Commerce  and  Public  Works. 

The  President  of  the  Council  takes  one  of  the  ministerial 
dej^rtments. 

The  Council  of  State  is  composed  of  twenty-four  mem- 
bers; and  although  it  is  purely  consultative,  it  is  a  most  im- 
portant aid  towards  assuring  good  administration.  The 
neir  or  heiress  to  the  throne  is  a  member  of  this  Council, 
but  the  other  princes  of  the  Imperial  family,  and  the  hus- 


84 

band  of  the  heiress  presumptive  to  the  throne,  only  take 
part  in  it  when  called  upon  by  the  Emperor. 

The  Judiciary  is  independent,  and  the  judges  hold  for 
life.  In  the  more  important  provinces  there  are  courts  of 
appeal  and  courts  of  commerce.  The  Supreme  Tribunal  of 
Justice  sits  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

The  Moderative  Power  is  delegated  exclusively  to  the 
Emperor  as  Supreme  Chief  of  the  nation,  that  he  may  con- 
stantly guard  the  maintainance  of  independence,  and  the 
balance  and  harmony  of  the  other  branches  of  political 
power. 

The  twenty  provinces  of  the  Empire  are  governed  by 
Presidents  appointed  by  the  Imperial  Government.  Each 
province  has  a  Legislative  Assembly  chosen  by  popular  vote ; 
and  in  each  city  is  a  municipal  chamber. 

Religion — The  religion  of  the  State,  and  of  the  greater  part 
of  its  population  is  the  Catholic,  Apostolic  and  Roman,  though 
every  other  creed  is  tolerated.  Brazil  contains  eleven  Bishop- 
rics, and  one  Archbishopric,  whose  incumbent  is  the  Primate 
of  the  Brazilian  church.  No  one  in  Brazil  can  be  prosecuted 
on  account  of  religious  faith ;  the  only  thing  to  be  observed  is 
respect  for  public  morals  and  for  the  religion  of  the  State, 
which  on  its  side  respects  every  other  creed,  to  the  extent  of 
sentencing  to  imprisonment  and  fine,  those  who  would  perse- 
cute any  one  for  no  other  motive,  or  insult  or  ridicule  any 
creed  established  in  the  Empire. 

In  the  colonial  centres,  the  government  has  not  only  author- 
ized the  building  of  chapels,  but  has  also  subscribed  to  them, 
and  gone  so  far  as  to  appropriate  money  for  the  salaries  of  the 
ministers  of  the  creeds. 

Children  not  of  Catholic  faith  are  not  compelled  to  receive 
the  same  education  as  those  who  belong  to  it. 

Marriages  between  non-Catholic  persons  are  respected  in  all 
their  legal  rights. 

The  present  laws  guarantee  the  civil  status  of  the  children. 

Rights  of  Brazilians — The  constitution  of  the  Empire 
fully  guarantees  the  inviolability,  both  civil  and  political,  of 
the  rights  which  rest  upon  the  liberty,  personal  safety  and  prop- 
erty of  every  inhabitant  of  Brazil. 

Products — Brazil  is  one  of  the  countries  most  favored  by 
nature,  who  seems  to  have  exhausted  all   her  bounties  in  its 


85 


behalf  The  wealth  of  its  mineral,  vegetable  and  animal  king- 
doms is  as  admirable  as  marvellous. 

If  the  cutting  down  of  the  centenary  trees  which  abound  in 
its  forests,  and  the  working  of  other  sources  of  inexhaustible 
wealth,  richly  reward  those  who  are  engaged  in  it,  its  fertile 
soil,  besides  containing  precious  minerals,  is  also  well  adapted 
for  every  kind  of  cultivation. 

The  majority  of  the  Brazilian  people  are  engaged  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits,  the  products  of  which  form  the  principal 
source  of  the  public  wealth. 

The  topographical  situation,  the  variety  of  climates,  the 
water  courses  wliich  irrigate  the  laud  in  every  direction,  and 
the  luxuriant  vegetation  of  the  country,  adapt  the  soil  of  Brazil 
on  a  more  or  less  extensive  scale  to  the  cultivation  of  every 
plant  of  the  globe,  with  really  surprising  results. 

Generally,  Indian  corn  gives  150  for  one,  beans  83,  rice 
1,000,  wheat  and  rye  produce  in  the  proportion  from  30  to  60 
for  one. 

Cotton,  which,  planted  within  a  given  space,  produces  in  the 
United  States  but  2,250  lbs,  within  the  same  space  in  Brazil 
returns  from  3,750  to  20,000  lbs,  according  to  the  quality  of  the 
soil. 

In  certain  localities  of  the  Southern  provinces,  as  well  as  in 
those  of  the  Northern  ones,  coffee,  cotton  and  tobacco  give 
profitable  and  even  astonishing  results;  in  some  others,  sugar 
cane,  cereals  and  European  vegetablesare  cultivated  with  simi- 
lar success.  The  low  lands  produce  serhigueira,  from  which 
India  rubber  is  extracted,  also  cacao,  vanilla  and  every  Asiatic 
plant ;  the  Southern  regions  produce  pears,  apples  and  peaches 
as  well  as  the  grape,  the  chief  object  of  exportation  from 
several  important  centres  of  the  provinces  of  Parana  and  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul. 

In  the  Noi'thern  provinces  every  effort  of  the  majority  of  the 
people  engaged  in  agriculture  tends  toward  the  cultivation  of 
coffee,  sugar  cane  and  cotton,  the  profits  derived  from  them 
being  large. 

Two-and-a-half  acres  will  contain  918  coffee  plants,  which,  in 
inferior  lands,  give  1,687  lbs;  in  those  of  second  quality  3,385 
ft)3,  and  in  those  of  fii-st  quality,  over  5,000  lbs.  An  active  and 
laborious  man  can  easily  cultivate  5  acres  of  coffee  plants, 
which  would  give  him  an  annual  income  of  405;^000  in  the  first 
case,  8301400  in  the  second,  and  over  1:2001000  in  the  third. 


! 


86 

calcalatiug  the  price  at  the  rate  of  300  Reis  per  two-aud-a-half 
fts. 

The  cultivation  of  sugar  cane  is  equally  remunerative. 

Though  the  soil  of  Brazil,  from  the  Amazon  to  the  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  is  suitable  for  this  product,  yet  it  is  in  the 
Northern  provinces  and  particularly  in  those  of  the  Rio 
Grande  do  Norte,  Parahyba,  Pemambuco,  Alagoas,  Sergipe, 
Bahia  and  Rio  de  Janeiro,  where  it  is  most  extensively  devel- 
oped. 

On  newly  cleared  lands,  crops  amounting  to  250,000  fts  of 
sugar  cane  can  be  obtained  without  much  labor  in  fifteen 
months,  and,  taking  advantage  of  the  already  ploughed  soil,  for 
planting  Indian  corn,  beans,  etc. 

An  active  and  intelligent  planter  can  tjultivate  5  acres  of 
sugar  cane,  which  will  bring  him  1:400$000,  at  the  rate  of 
7$000  per  2,500  fts. 

In  estimating  the  necessary  expenses  for  the  care  and  plant- 
ing of  two-and-a-half  acres,  at  130J00O,  there  would  be  a  net 
profit  of  570$000  for  the  owner,  exclusive  of  the  profits  arising 
from  Indian  corn,  beans,  etc.,  planted  in  the  cane  fields. 

There  is  to-day  a  creat  number  of  central  sugar  mills  well 
organized  and  worked  by  steam,  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar, 
besides  others  which  will  soon  be  built. 

Profitable  results  are  also  obtained  from  the  cultivation  of 
cotton,  which,  upon  a  tract  of  seven-and-a-half  acres  can  guar- 
antee an  annual  profit  of  840$000.  The  planter  can  engage 
in  it  without  much  extra  labor  and  in  addition,  use  the  open 
spaces  for  planting  cereals. 

The  good  results  derived  from  the  cultivation  of  the  grape  in 
Southern  provinces,  promise  future  development  in  the  lucra- 
tive industry  of  the  manufacture  of  wine. 

The  Northern  provinces  derive  special  profit  from  another 
product  called  manioc.  Exclusive  of  its  flour, ^ised  by  the 
whole  population,  an  excellent  fecula  is  extracted  from  it  and 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  tapioca,  long  known  and  ap- 
preciated in  Europe  and  America,  and  which  also  returns 
lar^e  profits. 

It  sufiSces  to  remark  that  upon  a  space  of  262  square 
yards,  40,000  roots  of  manioc  can  be  planted,  which,  even  in  a 
soil  of  inferior  quality,  produce  75,000  lbs  of  tapioca,  which, 
at  a  minimum  price  of  160  Reis  per  two-and-a-half  ibs,  give  a 
revenue  of  4:800^000. 


S7 

The  cultivation  of  manioc,  giving  such  wonderful  results, 
does  not  require  the  same  labor  as  that  of  other  products ;  its 
precious  roots  not  only  are  used  for  food  and  other  purposes, 
but  its  natural  leaves,  without  further  preparation  are  utilized 
as  fodder  for  cattle. 

The  cultivation  of  tobacco  also  offers  brilliant  prospects  to 
planters.  The  extensive  consumption  of  that  delightful 
weed  both  at  home  and  abroad — whose  leaves  adorn  the 
Imperial  coat  of  arms-  and  the  production  of  which  is  being 
rapidly  developed  throughout  the  Brazilian  territory, 
is  the  source  of  the  wealth  of  extensive  regions  like  the 
Northern  part  of  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  and  of  the 
interior  of  the  provinces  of  Bahia,  Pernambuco,  Alagoas, 
etc.  To  those  who  would  undertake  its  cultivation  on  a 
large  scale,  it  would  secure  real  benefits,  and  amply  reward 
a  comparatively  small  labor,  producing  about  30,000  plants 
to  every  two  and  a  half  acres. 

The  cultivation  of  cocoa  is  one  of  the  most  useful  and  lu- 
crative in  the  inter-tropical  zone  of  Brazil.  The  expenses 
required  to  produce  it  are  much  less  than  for  coffee,  sugar 
cane  or  even  cotton  and  tobacco  planting.  Cocoa  needs 
neither  many  laborers  nor  expensive  machinery,  and  its 
transportation  is  very  easy.  It  ranks  first  among  natural 
food  products,  since  it  contains  the  elements  which  develope 
and  sustain  the  human  frame ;  it  can  therefore  be  easily 
substituted  for  bread  and  meat.  Prepared  with  water  and 
sugar,  it  becomes  chocolate,  a  beverage  universally  acknowl- 
edged as  being  both  delightful  and  nourishing. 

The  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  containing  heat  and 
moisture,  indispensable  adjuncts  to  the  full  development  of 
the  cocoa  plant,  guarantees  the  largest  profits,  since  this 
important  product  is  recognized  to  be  as  popular  as  coffee. 
Cocoa  is  first  profitable  after  5  years  growth,  wjhen  its 
maximum  of  production  is  attained  and  will  continue  40 
years.  Each  plant  can  give  semi-annually  a  minimum  of 
4J  lbs  of  berries.  On  "a  tract  of  750  acres,  more  than 
31,000  cocoa  trees  can  be  planted  at  intervals  of  about  9 
feet.  Its  cultivation  therefore,  is  easily  susceptible  of  giving 
a  crop  of  155,000  lbs,  which,  sold  at  the  rate  of  400  Reis 
per  two-and-a-half  lbs,  w^ould  amount  to  24:8001000. 
The  expenses  are  less  than  half  of  this  sum,  including  cost 


I    I 


88 

of  planting,  gathering  and  transportation,  which,  altogether, 
yequire  an  average  of  12  persons. 

The  planter  needs  no  great  capital  to  begin  with;  a  few 
laborers  and  a  modest  house  are  sufficient. 

In  Bahia,  Maranhao,  Para  and  the  Amazon  cocoa  is  pro- 
fitably cultivated,  but  more  largely  developed  in  the  first 
and  third  of  the  above  provinces.  It  forms,  however,  a 
very  important  article  of  export  to  foreign  countries. 

The  crop  of  mate  in  the  provinces  of  Parana  and 
Mato  Grosso,  and  that  of  India  rubber  and  other  natural  pro- 
ducts of  the  valley  of  the  Amazon  are  among  the  many 
resources  offered  to  the  industrious  immigrant  by  the  vast 
Brazilian  Empire,  and  which  require  neither  capital 
nor  materials,  labor  alone  being  sufficient. 

Such  are,  briefly,  the  different  agricultural  products,  found- 
ing the  important  and  lucrative  objects  of  cultivation  on 
the  extensive  and  fertile  territory  of  Brazil,  and  for  their  trans- 
portation, there  is  a  net  of  railroad  lines  crossing  the  country 
in  every  direction.  The  consideration  of  constructing  new 
lines  and  extending  the  present  ones  has  become  necessary, 
in  order  to  give  a  stronger  impulse  to  the  commercial  develop- 
ment of  the  country,  which,  on  account  of  its  relations  with  the 
interior  and  with  foreign  countries,  controls  several  lines  of 
steamers  and  sailing  vessels,  many  of  them  being  subsidized  by 
the  national  government. 

Table  showing  the  value  of  American  and  English  coins  com- 
pared with  those  of  Brazil. 

Brazil. 

GOLD. 

20$000  Reis. 
10$000  " 
5$000  " 

SILVER. 

21000  Reis. 
11000    « 

$500    «* 

$200    " 


r 


39 

NICKEL. 

$200  Reis. 
$100    " 

COPPER. 


$040  Reis. 

$020 

$010 


« 


(( 


i 


United  States  of  America. 


$20.00 
$10.00 
$  5.00 
$  1.00 


$  1.00 
$  .50 
$  .25 
$    .10 


$    .05 


$    .01 


GOLD. 

equal  38$000  Reis 

"  19$000 
"  9$000 

''  1$900 

SILVER. 


« 


equals  1$900 
$950 
$475 
$190 

NICKEL. 

equal   $095 

COPPER. 

equals   $019 
England. 

GOLD. 


(C 

« 


« 


« 


One  Sovereign   ( 20  shillings )  equals    8$889  reis 
Half        "  (10      "        )      «         4$444     '' 


• 

silver. 

One  Shilling 

equals 

COPPER. 

One  Pennv 

equals 

$407 


$037 


« 


M 


40 

ARTICLES  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  BRAZILIAN  EMPIRE, 

OF  INTEREST  TO  IMNKiRANTS. 

Art.  VI.  The  following  shall  alao  be  considered  as  Brazilian 
subjects; 

§  5.     Naturalized  Foreigners  irrespective  of  creed. 

The  conditions  required  to  obtain  naturalization  papers  shall 
be  provided  by   law.     (See  laws  relating  to  naturalization). 

Art.  179.  §  1.  Every  citizen  is  free  within  the  limits 
fixed  by  law. 

§  4.  All  persons  can^express  their  opinions' in  speech^or  in 
writing,  and  publish  them  without  being  subjected^  to  censure 
of  the  press,  but  are  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  this  right,  ac- 
cording to  the  cases  provided  for  and  injjthe  form  prescribed 
by  law. 

§  5.  No  one  can  be'molestedjfor/eligiousfraotives,  provided 
the  religion  of  the  State  and  public  morals  are  respected. 

§  6.  All  persons  can  reside  in  or  leave  the  Empire  freely 
and  transfer  their  property,  in  observing  police  regulations, 
and  without  injury  to  the  interests  of  third  parties. 

§  7.  Every  citizen  has  in  his  domicile,  an  inviolable  asylum, 
where  no  one  can  enter  by  night  without  his  consent,  unless  in 
case  of  fire  or  flood :  during  the  day,  the  right  to  enter  can  be 
enforced  only  in  cases  provided  for,  and  in  the  manner  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

S  13.  The  law  shall  be  the  same  for  all,  either  in  protection 
or  punishment;  it  rewards  according  to  the  merits  of  every 
one. 

§  14.  Every  citizen  can  be  appointed  to  public,  civil,  poli- 
tical or  military  office,  with  no  ditierence  whatever,  except  in 
capacity  and  good  character. 

§  16.  No  one  shall  be  exempt  from  contributing,  according 
to  his  means,  to  the  expenses  of  the  State. 

§  20.  All  penalties  shall  be  personally  applied  to  the 
oftender. 

In  no  case  shall  there  be  any  confiscation  of  property ;  the 
disgrace  of  the  guilty  party,  however  degrading  the  crime  may 
be,  shall  not  aft'ect  the  honor  of  the  parents. 

§  22.  The  right  of  holding  property  is  guaranteed  to  its 
full  extent,  however,  should  public  necessity,  legally  stated, 
require  the  State  to  seize  private  property,  the  owner  shall  re- 
ceive, in  advance,  an  indemnity  equal  to  the  value  of  the  pro- 


* 


41 

perty  from  which  he  has  been  evicted.  The  law  shall  decide 
such  exceptional  cases  when  they  arise,  and  make  regulations 
for  establishing  the  value  and  amount  of  indemnity. 

§  24.     No  kind  of  labor,  cultivation,  industry  or  commerce 

shall  be  prohibited,  unless  injurious  to  the  morals,  safety  or 
health  of  citizens. 

§  26.  Inventors  shall  be  entitled  to  full  ownership  of  their 
discoveries  or  productions.  The  law  shall  assure  them  an  ex- 
clusive and  temporary  privilege,  or  shall  indemnify  them  for 
damages  caused  by  the  too  popular  use  of  their  discoveries  or 
productions. 

§  27.  The  mail  is  inviolable  ;  the  Post  Office  Department 
is  held  rigidly  responsible  for  every  infraction  of  this  article. 

§  29.  Public  officials  are  made  strictly  accountable  for 
abuses  and  omissions  committed  in  the  discharge  of  their 
duties,  as  well  as  for  those  by  their  subordinates. 

§  30.  Every  citizen  can  submit  in  writing,  to  the  Execu- 
tive and  Legislative  Powers,  claims,  complaints  or  petitions ; 
and  even  report  every  infraction  of  the  constitution,  and  re- 
quire from  the  proper  authority,  the  enforcement  of  the  respon- 
sibility of  delinquents. 

§  31.     The  constitution  also  guarantees  public  charity. 

§  32.     Primary  instruction  is  free  to  every  citizen. 

J  33.  Colleges  and  Universities  shall  be  founded,  where 
the  elements  of  Science,  Art  and  Literature  shall  be   taught. 

Naturalized  citizens  can  be  appointed  to  all  public  offices, 
except  those  of  the  Ministry  of  State  and  Regent  of  the  Empire. 

Art.  95.  Every  voter  can  be  elected  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives. 

Art.  27,  of  the  Additional  Act  —  The  election  of  the 
Regent  of  the  Empire  shall  be  made  by  the  members  of  the 
Legislative  Body,  assembled  in  their  electoral  colleges,  and 
who  shall  vote  in  secret  session  for  two  Brazilian  citizens,  one 
of  whom  shall  not  be  a  native  of  the  province  to  which  the 
colleges  belong ;  neither  of  them  can  be  a  naturalized  citi- 
zen. 

LAWS  RELATING  TO  THE  NATURALIZATION  OF  FOREIGNERS. 

DECREE  NO.  1950,  OF  THE  12tH  OF  JULY,  1871. 

Art.  I.  The  government  is  authorized  to  grant  letters  of 
naturalization  to  every  Foreigner  over  21  years  of  age,  who, 
after  having  resided  in  Brazil  or  beyond  its  territory  while  in 


'In 
"Iff 


f^H 


I 


42 

its  service,  for  more  than  two  years,  and  shall  apply  for  them, 
declaring  his  intentions  of  remaining  in  the  country  or  in  its 
service,  after  his  naturalization. 

Art.  II.  The  government  may  waive  the  length  of  resi- 
dence in  behalf  of  the  applicant,  on  the  following  conditions: 

1.  Being  married  to  a  Brazilian  woman. 

2.  Owning  real  estate  in  Brazil,  or  interested  as  partner,  or 
otherwise,  in  industrial  establishments. 

3.  Having   invented  or  introduced  any  kind  of  industry. 

4.  Being  distinguished  by  his  talent  or  works,  or  by  his  pro- 
tessional  fitness  in  branches  of  industry. 

6.  Being  the  son  of  a  naturalized  Foreigner,  born  outside  of 
the  Empire,  prior  to  the  father's  naturalization. 

Art.  III.  In  order  to  be  benefited  by  the  clauses  of  the 
present  law,  it  shall  be  sufficient  to  produce  certificates  copied 
from  official  records  or  affidavits  furnished  by  any  authority 
or  even  by  respectable  parties. 

Art.  V.  The  above  mentioned  letters  shall  take  effect  when 
those  to  whom  they  have  been  granted — or  their  representa- 
tives duly  provided  with  special  power  of  attorney — take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  the  constitution  and  to  the 
laws  of  the  country,  and  shall,  at  the  same  time,  swear,  or 
promise  to  acknowledge,  thereafter,  Brazil  as  their  own 
country. 

Art.  VI.  This  oath  may  be  taken  before  the  Government, 
or  before  the  President  of  the  province,  wherein  the  applicant 
has  fixed  his  residence. 

On  that  occasion  the  party  shall  state  his  religious  belief,  his 
nationality,  whether  he  is  single  or  married,  and  in  the  latter 
case  if  it  is  with  a  Brazilian  woman  or  with  a  Foreigner,  how 
many  children,  if  any,  their  names,  sex,  faith,  condition  and  na- 
tionality. According  to  these  declarations,  a  record  shall  be 
kept  in  the  Department  of  State,  of  every  naturalized  For- 
eigner. 

Art.  VII.  The  naturalization  of  colonists  shall  continue  to 
be  regulated  according  to  Decree  No.  808,  A.,  of  June  23, 
1855. 

Art.  VIII.  Every  provision  contrary  to  the  above  is 
hereby  repealed. 

DECREE  NO.  808  A.  OF  JUNE  23,  1855. 

Art.  I.  Foreigners  established  as  colonists  in  various  parts 
of  the  Empire  and   not  yet   recognized  as  Brazilians,  shall 


43 


be  considered  as  such,  after  signing  at  the  City  Hall  of  their 
residence,  or  before  a  Justice  of  the  peace,  their  declarations  to 
become  natunilized  and  to  remain  in  the  Empire.  They  shall 
also  give  the  name  of  their  birthplace,  their  religion,  their  con- 
dition, and  the  number  of  their  children. 

Art.  II.  The  officer  who  receives  the  aforesaid  declara- 
tions, shall  give,  as  soon  as  they  are  signed,  a  certified  copy  to 
the  colonist;  and  the  presidents  of  pr(»vinces,  upon  its  presen- 
tation, shall  deliver,  without  fee,  the  naturalization  papei^s, 
after  receiving  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  constitution  and  to 
laws  of  the  Empire. 

Art.  III.  In  regard  to  colonists  who  may  arrive  in  Brazil, 
after  the  date  of  this  decision,  the  provisions  of  Art.  17,  of  law 
No,  601— September  Isth,  1850— and  of  Art.  Ill,  of  decree 
No.  712— September  16th,  1853— shall  be  observed.  The 
government,  however,  is  authorized  to  grant  lettei-s  of  natural- 
ization, prior  to  the  delay  caused  by  this  law,  to  every  colonist 
deemed  worthy  of  this  favor. 

Art.  IV.  Fathers,  guardians  or  trustees,  can  make  the  de- 
claration mentioned  in  Art.  I,  in  name  of  minor  colonists 
born  abroad,  and  obtain  their  naturalization  ;  minors,  how- 
ever, shall  have  the  right  to  resume  their  first  nationality  on 
attaining  their  majority. 

Art.  "V.  The  provisions  of  this  law,  applicable  only  to  col- 
onists, do  not  annul  the  other  clauses  of  the  law  of  October  23d, 

1832. 
Art.  VI.     Every  provision   contrary  to  the  above  is  hereby 

repealed. 

LAW^  NO.  3140  OF  OCTOBER  30,  1882. 

Letters  of  naturalization  are  from  this  date  free  from  taxa- 
tion ;  the  presidents  of  provinces  are  also  authorized  to  grant 
them. 


« 


MINERAL  RESOURCES. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  the  climate  of  Brazil  permits 
out  door  labor  all  the  year  round.  Its  people  are  not  therefore 
compelled  to  provide,  during  the  summer  season,  for  subsistence 
through  the  inclement  months  of  winter,  as  they  must  do  in 
many  portions  of  Europe  and  the  United  States.  They  may 
engage  either  in  agriculture,  manufacture,  mercantile  pursuits 
or  mining. 

In  Brazil  are  found  diamonds,  emeralds,  sapphires,  rubies, 
topazes,  beryls,  garnets  and  cornalines,  black,  blue  and  green, 
known  by  the  name  of  Brazilian  emeralds.  There  are  ex- 
ported considerable  blocks  of  rock  crystal  of  great  purity,  as 
well  as  amethysts,  opals,  agates,  jasper  and  veined  crys- 
tal of  yellow  quartz.  Gold  abounds  in  Bnizil,  and  several 
mines  are  worked  at  the  present  time ;  the  richest  being  in  the 
Provinces  of  Parana  and  Minus  Geraes. 

The  Tibagy  :Mining  and  Dredging  Company  has  purchased 
the  necessary  machinery,  and  is  now  making  preparations  for 
working,  on  a  large  scale,  the  rich  Diamond  and  Gold  deposits 
in  and  near  the  river  Tibagy  in  the  Province  of  Parana. 

The  South  Brazil  Gold  &  Copper  Mining  Company  com- 
menced work  on  a  large  scale  some  years  since  in  the  munici- 
pal district  of  Ca<;apava  in  the  Province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 
Mines  are  being  successfully  worked  by  many  other  companies 
in  various  parts  of  the  Empire,  and  yet  there  are  numerous 
other  undeveloped  mines  awaiting  to  reward  whoever  may 
engage  in  this  profitable  industry. 

Brazil  alsoyieldssilver,  copper, iron,  antimony,  mercury,  tin, 
zinc,  bismuth  and  arsenic.  Also  granites  of '  various  colors, 
and  marbles,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  are  the  green  and 
black  marbles  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  Tlie  vast  coast  region 
between  latitudes  15°  and  30°  South  is  composed  almost  entirely 
of  primitive  rocks,  such  as  granites,  gneiss,  diorites,  green  and 
black,  light  and  dark  quartzites,  porphyries  and  syenites.  In 
the  interior  are  found  ferruginous  rocks,  sandstones,  pure  or 
ferruginous,  and  limestones  suitable  for  sculpture,  and  8UsceI^- 
tible  of  being  polished  like  marble.  The  lime  that  is  used  in 
building  along  the  coast  is  made  almost  exclusively  of  oyster 
shells.  Fibrous  plaster  is  found  in  the  Province  of  Miuas  and 
in  several  of  the  Northern  ones.    Several  varieties  of  clay, 


46 

white  or  pink,  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  crockery,  tiles, 
crucibles  and  common  ware.  Kaolin,  which  abounds  in  Bra- 
zil, is  almost  always  mixed  with  quartz. 

Coal  is  found  in  several  provinces,  especially  in  those  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Santa  Catharina  and  Parana,  equal  m  every 
respect  to  the  products  of  the  celebrated  coal  mines  in  the  Al- 
leghany Mou  ntain  region  in  the  United  States.  The  coal  beds 
of  Candiota  and  Arroio  dos  Ratos  in  the  Province  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  are  being  worked,  and  railroads  have  been  con- 
structed to  facilitate  transportation.  Deposits  of  lignite, 
peat,  bituminous  schists,  graphite  and  sulphur  are  abun- 
dant. 

Among  the  salts  most  abundant  may  be  mentioned  saltpetre, 
alum,  rock  salt,  chloride  of  sodium  or  common  salt,  and  the 
sulphates  of  magnesium  and  sodium.  Important  beds  of  phos- 
phate of  lime  have  been  recently  discovered  on  three  island  s  of 
the  Fernando  de  Noronha  group,  and  their  productive  capacity* 
has  been  estimated  at  1,300,000  metric  tons. 

Mineral  springs  are  numerous;  among  them  iron,  alka- 
line, saline,  sulphurous;  and  besides  these  there  are  hot 
springs. 

Rock  crystal,  known  to  Commerce  as  "Brazilian  pebble," 
and  used  by  opticians  in  all  parts  of  the  world  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  eyeglasses  and  optical  instruments,  is  exported  from  the 
Provinces  of  Parana,  Goyaz  and  Minas  Geraes  to  London, 
Paris,  Vienna  and  New  York,  where  it  is  made  into  lenses  and 
re-exported  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  Lenses  made  from  these 
crj'stals  are  far  superior  in  hardness  and  clearness  to  any  others, 
and  sell  for  about  three  times  the  price  of  the  best  glass  ones. 
Moreover,  the  rock  crystal  or  "  pebble"  is  a  strong  conductor 
of  heat,  and  lenses  made  of  it  are  therefore  recommended  by 
oculists  on  account  of  its  power  of  drawing  heat  from  the  eyes 
and  giving  them  strength.  Besides  these  valuable  '*  pebbles," 
the  three  Provinces  above  named  also  export  diamonds  and 
other  precious  stones — among  them  may  be  mentioned  the  fine 
large  Brazilian  amethyst  which  obtains  a  high  price. 

Mercury  has  been  discovered  on  the  CapSo  d'Anta,  an  estate 
in  the  Province  of  i^arana,  in  quantities  that  will  permit  com- 
petition with  mines  of  Europe,  Peru  and  CaHfornia. 

In  Brazil  there  are  iron  mines,  which,  owing  to  the  complete 
absence  of  pyrites,  are  incontcstably  superior  to  the  most  famous 
mines  of  Sweden.  The  magnetic  iron  ore  of  Brazil  contains 
72.5%   of  iron;  the  oligistic,  the  martito,  and  the  best  mica^ 


I 


46 

ceous  70%  ;  falling  in  the  inferior  qualities  to  25  and 
20%.  From  its  abundance  and  good  quality,  iron  is  by 
itself  one  of  the  most  important  elements  of  the  wealth  of  the 
Empire.  In  general,  the  deposits  may  be  easily  and  economi- 
cally worked,  being,  for  most  part,  situated  near  great  forests, 
which,  being  cut  down  constantly,  reappear  within  from  6  to 
10  years,  and  which  therefore  fomi  immense  inexhaustible  de- 
posits of  excellent  fuel,  near  abundant  streams  and  falls  which 
constitute  great  water  power  for  working  machinery. 

In  the  Provinces  of  Parana  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  there  are 
enormous  quantities  of  iron  ore,  the  greater  portion  of  which  is 
of  tlfie  kind  required  in  the  maimfacture  of  the  best  grades  of 
crucible,  open  hearth  and  other  kinds  of  steel.  Large  quantities 
of  iron  consumed  in  the  Province  of  Minas  Geraes  are  extracted 
from  its  mines  and  manufactured  on  the  spot.  It  may  there- 
fore be  considered  certain  that  this  great  industry,  which  is  in 
itself  alone  the  chief  source  of  the  wealth  of  some  of  the  richest 
nations  on  the  globe,  will,  in  the  near  future,  take  its  proper 
place  among  the  productive  industries  of  Brazil. 

The  attention  of  capitalists  who  are  interested  in  the  develop- 
ment of  coal  and  iron  mines  is  especially  called  to  those  of 
Brazil  and  to  the  liberal  facilities  offered  by  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment for  working  them. 


THE  mm  PRODUCT  OF  BRAZIL.  • 

Brazil  has  received  the  name  of  the  "  Land  of  Coffee,"  and 
it  certainly  deserves  the  appelation,  since  it  furnishes  fifty-five 
per  cent,  of  the  world*8  annual  product,  which  is  thus  distri- 
buted : 

Annual  coffee  product  of  Brazil 360,000,000  kilogrammes. 

Annual  coffee  products  of  all  other 

countries 300,000,000  kilogrammes. 

Total  world's  production  annually . .  660,000,000  kilogrammes. 

In  the  year  1800  Brazil  exported  only  13  bags  of  coffee.  At 
the  present  time  the  annual  product  of  the  Empire  is  about 
360,000,000  kilogrammes,  or  6,000,000  bags  of  60  kilogrammes 
each.  The  Brazlian  coffee  exported  to  the  United  States 
amounted  in  1884  to  2,401,105  bags  of  132  pounds  each;  and 
to  all  other  countries  in  the  world  only  1,496,007  bags. 

Of  last  year's  export  to  the  United  States  1,576,273  bags 
went  to  the  City  of  I\ew  York;  456,476  to  Baltimore;  220,- 
553  to  New  Orleans ;  77,378  to  Newport  News  and  Hampton 
Roads;  42,547  to  Galveston;  17,774  to  Savannah;  8,379  to 
Mobile;  6,183  to  Richmond,  while  4,547  were  distributed 
among  other  ports. 

At  present  Brazil  need  not  fear  the  competition  of  any  coun- 
try whatever.  The  superiority  of  its  soil,  where  the  average 
production  for  each  plant  is  about  six  pounds,  three  times  as 
much  as  in  Asia  and  the  Dutch  possessions,  and  almost  twenty- 
four  times  the  production  per  plant  in  Mexico, — the  constant 
improvements  in  the  culture  of  coffee  in  Brazil,  which  will,  in 
a  short  time,  be  perfected  in  the  system  of  central  factories  for 
its  treatment  and  seasoning ;  the  united  efforts  of  the  Imperial 
Government,  and  the  patriotic  Association  Centro  da  Lavoura 
e  Commercio,  and  of  the  producers  in  general,  to  establish  the 
credit  of  this  product  in  foreign  countries  through  repeated  ex- 
positions ;  the  lowering  of  the  exp^irt  tax  and  of  freight  tariffs 
on  the  Brazilian  railroads — all  these  concur  to  establish  the 
position  of  Brazil  as  the  foremost  coffee  producer  of  the  world. 

Wherever  Brazilian  coffee  has  entered  into  international 
competition,  it  hiis  secured  the  highest  premiums.  At  the  Uni- 
versal Exposition  in  Paris  in  1867  and  1879,  at  Vienna  in  1873, 


f 


48 

at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  at  Buenos  Ayres  in  1882,  it  received 
many  premiums.  The  International  jury  at  Paris  in  1867  con- 
ferred a  gold  medal  on  the  cottee  of  Brazil,  a  distinction  re- 
ceived by  no  other  coffee. 

Of  the  expositions  held  by  tlie  Centro  da  Lavoura  e  Com- 
mercio  in  foreign  countries  since  1882,  those  in  New  York 
and  London  received  flattering  notices  from  the  press  of  those 
cities.  That  at  New  York,  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  New 
York  Coffee  Exchange,  saw  its  samples,  graded  by  the  Ex- 
change, classed,  in  some  cases,  above  or  equal  to  the  best  cof- 
fees of  the  world.  At  the  Berlin  exposition,  in  1882,  held 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Central  Society  of  Commercial 
Geography  of  Berlin,  the  Centro  da  Lavoura  e  C/onmiercio  and 
a  planter  of  the  Province  of  S.  Paulo  obtained  the  highest 
prize,  the  grand  diploma  of  honor ;  seven  grand  diplomas, 
nine  diplomas  and  live  honorable  mentions  were  given  to  ex- 
hibitors of  Brazilian  coffees.  At  the  Exposition  of  coffee  at 
Paris,  the  grand  gold  medal  of  the  Concours  Agricole  Annuel 
was  given  on  the  16th  of  February,  1883,  to  the  Centro  da 
Lavoura  e  Commercio.  In  the  same  year,  at  the  International 
Exposition  at  Amsterdam,  the  great  depot  of  Dutch  coffees,  so 
highly  esteemed  in  Europe,  the  Centro  da  Lavoura  e  Commer- 
cio obtained  a  grand  diploma  of  honor  for  its  exposition  of 
coffees,  a  premium  given  to  the  coftee  of  no  other  country. 
Besides  this  grand  diploma,  the  jury  granted  six  gold,  eleven 
silver,  and  fifteen  bronze  medals,  and  fifteen  honorable  men- 
tions to  Brazilian  planters,  and  the  Dutch  Government  sent  a 
commissioner,  Mr.  van  Delden,  to  Brazil  to  study  the  coffee 
culture. 

The  Empire  of  Brazil  does  not  profess  a  policy  of  protection  ; 
nevertheless,  in  consideration  of  the  question  of  freights  on  cof- 
fee to  the  United  States,  it  saw  that  the  establishment  of  a 
line  of  steamers  under  the  American  flag,  in  competition  with 
English  steamers,  would  produce  a  reduction  in  freight 
rates,  and  therefore  determined  to  grant  a  subsidy  to  a  new 
line.  The  result  justified  the  expectations  of  the  Government, 
and  the  rate  of  freights,  which  eight  years  ago  was  75  cts.  to  $1.00 
per  bag  of  coffee,  by  the  English  steamers,  has  fallen  to  an 
average  of  40  cts.,  and  cargoes  have  been  brought  as  low  as 
10  and  15  cts.;  it  has  been  said  of  such  cargoes  that 
it  actually  cos^  less  to  bring  them  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  to  New 
York,  than  to  transport  them  after  their  arrival,  from  Brook- 


49 

Ijn  to  the  railroads  in  New  York  or  Jersey  City.  The  truth  is 
that  the  expense  of  the  subsidy  has  been  a  profitable  one  to 
Brazil,  since  it  brought  about  so  marked  a  difference  in  the 
freight  rates,  a  difference  which  more  than  balances  the  tax 
laid  to  pay  the  subsidy. 


KAILftOADS. 

The  following  tables  only  show  the  Brazilian  railroads  constructed  pre- 
vious  to  the  Jiscal  year  terminating  June  30,  1883.  During  the  past  two- 
and-a-halj'  years  many  additions  have  been  made  to  the  old  roads,  while 
a  number  of  new  ones  have  been  built  and  put  under  contract. 


H 

> 
O 
PC 
Pm 


^▲M£8 


Para     '*^™  Belem  to  Braganva 


Rio 

Qrande 

do  Norte 


Ceara 


Madeira  an  J  Mamore. 


From  Natal  to  Nova.Craz. 
Branch  of  CearA  Miri'm 


Baturit^' 

CaraoBsim  to  8obral. 


Parahy- 

b»       Conde  d'Bu. 


IPt'niaai- 
I    buco 


Recife  to  8  Francisco 

do    to  Cachangit 

do    to  Limoeiro 

Extension  of  the  R  R  from 

cife  to  8  Francisco 

Recife  to  Caruan'i 

do    to  Olinda 


Rf>- 


Paolo  Affouso 

Central  of  Alagf^as- 


P^PCS 


4"«»»  m^  •a«|'«7 1 


n   s 

Q 

s    2- 

«-- 

PC     hS 

hS 

iJfc?« 

o« 

OOxri 

s- 

r*    5a 

o35 

PC'' 
P^ 

CAPITAL 


Te 


81 


<S 


78 
11 
80 


88    6,668  .-UOOtOUO 


58 
66 


15 


26 

8 


73 


Sergipe   Aracaju  to  SimAo  Diaa. 


Bahiato  8  Pranciaco 

Extension  o'   the  R  R  from  Ba- 
hiato 8  Francisco 

Central  da  Bahia 

Santo  Amaro 

Nazareth 

Italiano  to  Cachoeira  das  Panellas 
Branch  of  Timb6 


77 

n 

140 
88 
88 


30 

861 
58i 


18 


66 


108 
48 


5,488 :0688M4 
1,417  :B00#UOO 


6,000 :000t000 


16.375:8688740 
1,277:7718170 
7,537 :5008000 


500:00flt0n0 


4,658:0001000 


16,008  :(IOOtOOO 


85 

185  13.000 :000t000 
I  2,400 :000$000 

S3    1.250:00081000 
'  i  000:000^000 

55   g,65O:O00tO0O 


51 


NAM  EH 


;a.PCS    ^    58 


OH-     Z 


Q 
P4 

PC*^ 
Pk 


CAPITAL 


Mtnaa 

and 

Bahia 


Philadelphia  e  Caravel la.s. 


i  ___^l  _ 

9o!  80l 


150 12,000  :UOO$(K)0 


s 


o 

s 


Canta^aHo 

Campos  to  8  8ef>astiao 

Rio  Panlo  <o  Santa  Cruz 

Campos  to  Caran^ola 

Bar.io  de  Araruama 

Rezende  «o  Ar«^as 

Comraercio  and  Rio  das  Florea 

S  Fidt'llH 

Rio  do  Ouro 

Vulta  (irande  to  8auto  Autouio  uo 

Aventueiro« 

Pirahyense 

Piedade  to  Theresopoiis 

Rio  Bonito   lo  Juturnahyba 

Corcovado 

8anto  Antonio  de  Padua. 

I'Macah*'  e  Campos 

Cdrte  to  Mage 

Santa  Isabel  do  Rjo  Preto 

UniAo   V'alenciana 

Principe  do  Or.ioPau 

Forto  Novo  doCunha  to   Paque- 

quer ~. 

Branch  of  Bananalense 

Sumidouro.. 


131  

12. 10,873:1331740 

' 25       600:000*000 

108'  80  38    6,000:000*000 

26 8<KJ:U00*O00 

18 2,200:000*000 

15j  2;  

I  9'  38 

361 1  12i  l,164:83Hi799 


26            15            18       780:000*0(J<» 
i  1,400:0(KH>000 


I              3 400:000*000 

50  8 

60 I  8,000:000*OWJ 

I            36l 2,000:000*000 

27i            20' 3,800:000*000 

40^ 1,735:250*000 

16 45!  3,100:000*000 


13 
14 
14 


840:000*000 
300:000*000 


Rio  de 
Janeiro, 
8   Paulo, 
and      I**' 

Minas   , 
Oeraes 


Pedro  Segundo. 


455 


4o: 


15090,900:280*317 


It  nana 

8antos  to  Jundiahy 

Paulista 

8  Paolo  to  Tiet«>  (8orocabr»na) , 

S  Paolo  and  Rio  de  Janeiro 

Mogyan  I 

8  Jo  to  do  Rio  Claro  to  8  Carlos  do 

8    Paulo  Pinchal 

{Branch  of  Bananalense 

iBragantina 

Extension  of  Mogyana 


\m 

87 
152; 
116j 
145; 
275| 

6 


50i  5.402:^95*906 

23, 555: 850*000 

20,000:000*000 

15  90;  8,000:000*000 

10,665 :000*00«» 

- j  8.350:000*000 

36  85'  1,800:000*000 

15 [     300:000*000 

36 1  2,320  :(KO*000 

170 7,000:000$000 

I  i 


It- 


i 


52 


m 
o 

iQ 

1-1 

> 
o 

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KITER  NAVIfiATION. 

Though  the  Imperial  Government  is  actively  engaged  in 
promoting  railway'  enterprises,  and  extending  its  lines,  Brazil 
is  less  dependent  upon  them  for  interior  commercial  facilities 
than  any  other  country  on  the  globe.  Its  great  rivers  and 
their  tributaries  oft'er  abundant  steamboat  transportation  to  all 
parts  of  the  Empire  and  adjoining  countries ;  and  moreover, 
are  open  to  commerce  all  the  year — being  never  obstructed 
by  ice,  etc. 

Brazil  has  four  great  rivers — the  Amazon,  Toc&ntins,  Parana 
and  S.  Francisco,  besides  numerous  smaller  ones  that  are  also 
navigable  for  large  steamboats. 

The  Amazon,  rising  in  Peru,  offers  a  channel  of  steam  com- 
munication across  the  widest  part  of  the  continent  from  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  to  within  a  few  hundred  miles  of  the  Pacific  ; 
and  with  the  Tocantins,  serves  as  the  means  of  communication 
between  the  Provinces  of  Para,  Amazonas  and  Goyaz,  part  of 
the  Provinces  of  Maranhao  and  Matto  Grosso,  and  the  Repub- 
lics of  Venzuela,,  Columbia,  Equador,  Peru  and  Bolivia.  The 
Amazon  and  its  tributaries  offer,  on  Brazilian  territory  alone, 
a  length  of  27,000  miles  navigable  for  large  river  steamboats ; 
and  about  1,000  miles  of  the  lower  portion  navigable  for  the 
largest  ocean  steamships  in  the  world — having  a  depth 
of  sixty  feet  in  the  channel.  All  the  steamship  lines  between 
Brazil  and  the  United  States  touch  at  Para,  and  one  of  them 
runs  up  the  Amazon  to  the  flourishing  city  of  Manaos,  the 
capital  of  the  Province  of  Amazonas  in  Central  Brazil,  about 
100  miles  above  the  confluence  of  the  Maderia  and  Amazon 
rivers. 

The  Parana,  formed  by  tlie  confluence  of  the  Rio  Grande 
and  the  Paranahyba,  crosses  the  Brazilian  Provinces  of  S. 
Paulo,  Matto  Grosso  and  Parana,  and  the  Argentine  Pro- 
vinces of  Misiones,  Corrientes,  Entre-Rios  and  Santa  F^. 

Of  its  tributaries,  the  Paraguay  is  the  most  considerable, 
and  itself  has  branches  also  navigable.  The  communication 
between  Matto  Grosso  and  the  capital  of  the  Empire  is  made 
bv  steamboats,  along  the  Paraguay,  the  Parana  and  the  La 
Plata. 


64 

The  8.  Francisco  crosses  the  Province  of  Minas  Geraes, 
m  which  it  rises,  and  those  of  Bahia,  Pernambuco,  Alagoaa 
and  Sergipe.  Navigation  is  interrupted  by  the  Falls  of  Paulo 
Alibnso,  but  a  railroad  has  been  built  to  connect  the  two 
navigable  portions  of  the  river,  towards  which  the  great 
railroad  lines  of  Kio  de  Janeiro,  Bahia  and  Pernambuco  are 
directed. 

Besides  the  rivers  above  mentioned,  belonging  to  four  great 
basins,  several  others  of  considerable  importance  empty 
into  the  Atlantic ;  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Gurupy, 
Tury  Assu,  Itapicuru,  Parnahyba,  Jaguaribe,  Piranhas,  Para- 
hyba,  Vasa-Barris,  Paraguassu,  Rio  de  Contas,  Jequitinhonha, 
Mucury,  Rio  Doce  and  Parahyba  do  Sul.  The  basin  of  the 
lakes  dos  Patos  and  Mirim,  in  the  Province  of  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul,  is  traversed  bv  several  great  rivers  which  empty  into  these 
lakes,  such  as  the  Jacuhy,  the  Camaquan  and  the  JaguarSo. 

Another  great  river,  the  Uniguay,  which  rises  in  the 
Province  of  Santa  Catharina,  serves  as  the  boundary  between 
the  Province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  and  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, and  forms,  further  on,  with  the  Parana,  the  vast  estuary  of 
the  La  Plata. 

A  large  number  of  enterprising  Steam  Navigation  Compa- 
nies and  firms  are  engaged  in  the  navigation  of  all  the  princi- 
pal rivers  of  the  Empire.  Among  them  may  be  named  the 
"  Companhia  Fluvial  Paraense,"  the  "  Companhia  Fluvial  do 
Alto  Amazonas,"  the  "  Amazon  Steam  Navigation  Com- 
pany, Limited '';  the  "Companhia  Navega^So  a  Vapor  Ma- 
naos  "  and  the  "  Companhia  Navega^fto  Para  e  Amazonas." 
Thirty-seven  of  the  steel  and  iron  steamers  used  by  these  com- 
/  panics  were  built  in  the  United  States  expressly  for  Brazilian 
i    river  and  coastwise  service. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Brazil,  which  has  an  extent  of 
6,000  miles,  communication  is  made  by  numerous  Brazilian  and 
foreign  steamship  lines.  All  the  provinces,  except  those  of 
Minas  Geraes,  Goyaz,  Amazonas  and  Matto  Grosso,  touch  the 
Atlantic  and  have  harbors.  The  four  interior  provinces  have 
communication  with  the  sea  through  the  great  waterways  al- 
ready named ;  and  that  of  Minas  Geraes  is  already  in  connec- 
tion with  the  coast  by  railroads. 

The  principal  ports  are  those  Belem  do  Para,  S.  Luiz  do 
Maranhao,  Parnahyba,  Recife  de  Pernambuco,  Maceio,  Bahia, 
Victoria,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Santos,  Paranaguk,  .Santa  Catharina 


I! 


66 

and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.     The  harbor  or  port  of  Rio  de  Janeiro 
has  a  circuit  of  more  than  123  miles. 

Commodore  Thomas  0.  Selfridge,  U.  8.  N.,  made  a  survey 
of  the  Amazon  and  Madeira  rivers,  on  board  of  the  United 
States  Steamship  Enterprise^  in  1878  ;  and  in  his  Official  Re- 
port to  the  Secretary  ot  the  Navy,  which  was  transmitted  to 
Congress  by  the  President  with  his  annual  message,  in  De- 
cember, 1879,  made  the  following  important  statements  re- 
garding certain  features  of  the  Brazilian  Empire,  particularly 
its  system  of  transportation  by  water: 

"  I  shall  never  forget  the  feelings  that  the  mighty  Ama- 
zon inspired  as  in  the  morning  we  rounded  the  point 
where  we  had  anchored,  and  came  out  upon  the  open  river 
rolling  down  in  all  its  resistlefls  majesty,  and  stretching  out 
to  the  Westward  until  it  was  lost  in  the  dim  outline  of  the 
distant  horizon.  It  seemed  hardly  possible  that  this  was  a 
river  almost  dividing  a  continent.  ♦  *  ♦ 

**Our  ship  was  kept  close  to  the  Southern  bank,  and  we 
thus  had  the  full  flow  of  the  river  to  our  right  as  we  as- 
cended. In  the  distance  to  the  North  the  blue  Almerine 
hills  made  a  pleasant  back-ground  to  this  picture  of  nature's 
grandeur.  ♦  ♦  ♦ 

"  This  magnificent  river  is  at  least  twice  the  size,  in  vol- 
ume, of  any  other  in  the  world,  not  excepting  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  not  only  in  its  width,  but  in  its  astonishing  depth  and 
consequent  volume  that  the  Amazon  exceeds  all  other  riv- 
ers. Not  less  than  60  feet  will  be  found  in  the  channel  the 
whole  distance  of  the  874  miles  from  Para  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Rio  Negro.  •   *   * 

"The  Empire  of  Brazil  includes  about  one-half  of  the  whole 
continent  of  South  America.  The  great  water  shed  of  the 
Andes  passes  through  its  territories,  giving  it  the  most  perfect 
water  system  of  any  country  in  the  world.  Thus  it  would 
seem  that  nature  has  prepared  a  way  for  the  opening  up  of 
this  vast  country  by  the  most  inexpensive  of  all  systems  of 
transportation.  *  •  • 

"  Steam  was  first  introduced  on  the  Amazon  in  1853, an  J 
at  once  a  new  life  seemed  to  be  given  to  the  country.  *  ♦  * 

"  No  nation  is  more  directly  interested  in  the  prosperity 
of  Brazil  than  the  United  States.  Our  geographical  situa- 
tion brings  us  nearer  than  Europe,  and  her  coffee,  sugar, 
rubber,  and  products  of  her  forest  we  need  in  exchange  for 
the  products  of  manufacture  we  can  furnish. 


*  *  * 


i 


56 

«*  The  Rio  Negro  from  its  junction  with  the  Amazon,  opens 
rapidly  into  a  river  of  such  proportions  as  might  be  considered 
a  bay  4  miles  wide  and  12  long.  On  this  bay  is  situated  the  city 
of  Manaos,  by  far  the  largest  on  the  upper  Amazon  and  the 
largest  in  Central  Brazil.  It  is  very  picturesquely  placed,  on 
a  series  of  low  hills  skirting  the  bay.  The  houses  are  neatly 
constructed,  with  the  sides  either  painted  or  covered  with 
painted  tiles.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  the  principal  streets 
are  well  paved  and  lighted.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Province  of 
Amazonas,  and  is  the  port  through  which  passes  all  the  trade 
of  the  rivers  Purus,  Negro,  Solimoens  and  their  tributaries. 
It  is  also  the  principal  terminus  for  the  steamers  of  the  Ama- 
zon Steam  Navigation  Company,  and  from  whence  they  depart 
for  all  the  numerous  tributaries  of  the  Amazon.  Manaos  is 
also  the  rendezvous  for  a  small  naval  flotilla,  and  should  be- 
come a  city  of  importance.  The  Cathedral,  occupying  a  com- 
manding situation  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  a  fine  edifice, 
said  to  have  been  fifteen  years  building,  and  to  have  cost  half  a 
million  dollars ;  the  altar  and  frieze  of  the  choir  are  very 
handsome  structures  of  cut  stone.  •  •  • 

«^The  river  off  Manaos  is  very  deep;  500  yds.  from  the  shore  is 
found  45  fathoms,  and  the  Enterprise  anchored  abreast  the 
Cathedral,  300  yards  from  the  shore,  in  23  fathoms.  *  *  * 

*'The  Maderia  River,  the  greatest  tributary  of  the  Amazon, 
rises  in  the  Andes,  and  flowing  generally  Northeast  about  2,000 
miles,  empties  into  the  Amazon.  In  the  character  of  its  banks 
and  its  numerous  islands  the  lower  Maderia  resembles  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  It  is  dift'erent  however  in  having  a  large  number 
of  small  lakes  on  both  banks  with  outlets  to  the  river  itself, 
throughout  its  course.  These  lakes  embrace  a  vast  net  work 
of  internal  water  communication,  whfch  enables  the  rubber 
gatherers  to  reach  with  canoes  or  other  small  boats  a  large  area 
of  country  that  would  otherwise  be  almost  invaluable,  as  they 
would  be  compelled  to  travel  long  distances  by  land  to  reach 
the  numerous  rubber  trees  which  are  the  great  source  of  wealth 
to  its  inhabitants.  ♦  •    • 

"Though  rubber  is  by  far  the  most  important  article  cf  export 
of  the  Madeira,  there  are  large  quantities  of  oil  of  Copaiba, 
Castanha  nuts,  quarana  and  dried  fish  produced.  The  lands 
bordering  on  the  river  are  fertile  and  produce  cacao,  mandioca, 
maize,  tobacco,  etc.  ♦  ♦  ♦ 

"The   experience   of  the   Enterprise   and   what   we   have 


57 

gathered  from  other  sources,  lead  one  to  believe  that  the  valleys 
of  the  Amazon  and  Maderia  may  be  considered  healthful. 
Persons  navigating  these  rivers  would  be  no  more  subject  to 
disease  than  if  engaged  in  similar  occupations  on  the  Missis- 
sippi and  other  Western  rivers  in  the  United  States.  The  En- 
terprise has  been  three  months  on  constant  service  on  the 
Amazon  and  Maderia  rivers,  and  we  have  not  had  more 
than  a  half  dozen  cases  of  intermittent  fever,  and  they  were 
all  of  mild  type.  ♦  ♦  • 

**The  rainfall  is  at  no  time  excessive.  It  is  not  a  soaking  and 
drenching  rain  for  days  at  a  time,  but  rain  interspersed  with 
much  pleasant  weather.  •  *  ♦ 

**  The  term  Tapuyo  is  applied  to  the  domesticated  Indians 
of  the  Amazon,  and  as  a  class  they  are  industrious  and  intel- 
ligent. They  form  the  crews  of  all  the  steamboats  on  the 
Amazon,  in  preference  to  whites  or  blacks.  The  girls  make 
excellent  servants,  skilled  with  the  needle  and  are  sought 
after  by  Brazilians  of  the  better  classes,  who  bring  them  up 
from  childhood  in  their  families.  In  appearance  they  are  far 
superior  to  our  North  American  Indians,  readily  adopting 
the  civilized  habits  of  the  whites,  cleanly  in  their  persons, 
faithful  in  their  attachments,  and  possessing,  among  the  fe- 
males, much  real  beautv.  ♦  •  * 

*'  The  survey  of  the  Madeira  being  completed  so  far  as  it 
could  be  performed  by  the  Enterprise,  I  awaited  the  first 
river  steamboat  to  ascend  the  river  and  join  the  steam 
launch  in  the  survey  of  the  remaining  portion  to  the  Falls 
of  San  Antonio  ;  and,  on  the  4th  of  July  went  on  board  of 
the  side-wheel  steamboat  Canuman,  Alberto  Moraes,  captain, 
bound  for  San  Antonio.  The  Canuman  is  an  American 
l>uilt  iron  side-wheel  boat,  drawing  about  7  feet  loaded,  and 
constructed  after  the  pattern  of  our  Western  river  boats, 
with  separate  engines.  This  American  type,  not  found  in 
any  steamers  of  English  build,  is  in  great  favor  among  the 
steamboat  owners  and  pilots  of  the  Amazon  and  its  tributa- 
ries, and  I  doubt  if  any  more  steamers  for  river  navigation 
are  ordered  in  England,  unless  there  is  great  difference  in 
price  in  their  favor.  Life  on  board  the  river  steamers  of 
this  country  is  decidedly  cosmopolitan.  No  state-rooms  or 
berths  are  needed,  for  no  person  in  this  countrj^  travels 
without  his  hammock,  known  as  rede,  which,  upon  coming 


H 
'I 


I 


58 

on  board,  he  hangs  in  such  part  of  the  upper  deck  as  best 
suits  him.  It  is  a  cleanly  arrangement,  giving  much  more 
room,  and  better  suited  to  the  cUniate.  *  *  * 

**  I  lind  among  the  merchants  of  the  Amazon  and  Ma- 
deira a  most  excellent  feeling  towards  the  American  pro- 
ducts of  manufacture  ;  the  demand  for  tliem  is  constantly 
increasing.  The  trade  of  the  country  is  mostly  in  the  hands 
of  old  Portuguese  firms.  What  America  wants  is  a  more 
extended  demand  for  her  productions,  and  this  can,  in  most 
cases,  be  best  realized  through  the  agency  of  the  old  estab- 
lished native  firms.  *  *  ♦ 

^*It  is  vitally  necessary,  however,  if  the  United  States 
will  take  its  share  of  the  foreign  business  of  Brazil,  to  create 
avenues  of  trade  by  which  it  will  fiow  to  our  shores.  There 
are,  first  of  all,  well  established  lines  of  steamships— fos- 
tered by  the  government  in  order  to  compete  with  the  old 
estabhshed  European  lines,  until  the  trade  directed  by  them 
to  our  country  will  enable  them  to  take  care  of  them- 
selves. *  *  *  ^      ^ 

''  There  should  also  be  direct  telegraphic  communication 
between  the  two  countries.  To  the  energy  of  our  own  coun- 
trymen we  are  indebted  for  the  first  successful  Atlantic 
cable.     Why  cannot  one  be  laid  direct  to  Brazil  ? 

*^  A  bank,  through  w^hich  exchanges  could  be  favorably 
made,  is  also  very  necessary  for  the  easy  fiow  of  commerce. 
But  especially  it  niust  be  remembered  that  freciuent,  regu- 
lar and  rapid  steam  communication  is  absolutely  necessary, 
first  of  all,  no  matter  how  excellent  our  products  of  manu- 
facture may  be." 


OCEAS   TRANSPORTATIOJI. 

The  following  includes  all  the  direct  steamship  lines  between 
the  United  State?  and  Brazil — three  in  number — and  running 
from  the  ports  of  New  York,  Baltimore  and  Newport  News, 
to  Para,  Maranhao,  Ceara,  Manaos,  Pernambuco  and  Rio  de 
Janeiro  ;  and  two  of  the  regular  lines  of  sailing  vessels.  Steam 
and  sail  vessels  are  despatched  from  all  the  other  ports  of  the 
United  States  to  Brazil,  as  the  trade  may  require. 

The  United  States  k  Brazil  Mail  S.  S.  Co. 

The  steamships  of  this  line  were  built  especially  for  the  Brazil 
trade  and  run  monthly — direct,  going  and  returning — between 
the  ports  of  Neio  York  and  Newport  News  and  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro; touching  at  St.  Thomas  and  Barbados,  West  Indies, 
and  at  the  Brazilian  ports  of  Para,  Maranhao,  Pernambuco 
and  Bahia.  Capt.  T.  M.  Lachlan,  Mills'  Building,  23  Broad 
St.,  New  York,  is  the  Manager  of  the  Company,  which  receives 
a  subsidy  from  the  Brazilian  Government,  and  is  bound  by  the 
terms  of  its  contract,  to  carry  bona  fide  Immigrants,  having 
passports  from  the  Brazilian  Consul,  at  reduced  rates.  Its 
agents  are:  Paul  F.  Gerhard  &  Co.,  84  Broad  St.,  New  York; 
G.  W.  Smith  &  Co.,  St.  Thomas;  Da  Costa&  Co.,  Barbados  ; 
Sears  &  Co.,  i*ara  ;  Jose  Faria  Da  Silva  Jr.  &  Co.,  Ma- 
ranhao; Henry  Foster  &  Co.,  Pernambuco;  Vaughn, McNair 
&  Co.,  Bahia;  and  Wilson,  Sons  k  Co.,  (Linuted),  Rio  de 
Janeiro. 

THE  BOOTH  S.  S.  CO.  (LIMITED),  STEAMSHIP  LINE  TO  BRAZIL 

Is  under  mail  contract  with  the  Brazilian  Government.  The 
nine  steamships  of  the  line  are  especially  adapted  to  the  Bra- 
zilian trade  and  are  employed  by  the  Company  in  a  monthly 
service,  direct,  to  and  from  Neio  York  and  the  principal  ports 
of  Northern  Brazil.  Every  fourth  month  the  steamer  goes  to 
Manaos,  the  capital  of  the  Piovince  of  Amazonas,  situated  on 
the  upper  Amazon  about  900  miles  above  its  mouth,  touching 
at  ]*ara  going  and  returning.  The  service  during  the  interme- 
diate months  is  between  New  York  and  Maranhao  direct, 
touching  at  Para  and  Ceara,  For  rates  of  freight  and  passage 
and  all  other  information,  application  may  be  made  to  Booth 
&  Co.,  15  Frankfort  St.,  New  York  ;  Busk  &  Jevons,  301  Pro- 


60 

duce  Exchange,  New  York ;  Faria  &  Barbara,  i*ara ;  Ingle- 
hurst  &  Co.,  Ceara  ;  Henry  AirUe,  Maranhao ;  and  Teixeira 
Kuiz,  Manaos. 

The  Red  Cross  Line  of  Brazil  Mail  Steamers 

This  line,  having  Brazilian  Government  privileges,  makes 
monthly  departures  from  New  York  and  Baltimorey  with  cargo 
and  United  States  Mail  for  Para,  Maranhao,  Ceara  and  Per- 
nambuco.  The  nine  steamers  comprising  this  line  have  been 
specially  built  and  adapted  for  the  United  States  and  Brazil 
trade,  affording  every  facility  and  accommodation  to  shippers, 
direct,  to  and  from  the  ports  above  named.  Further  informa- 
tion may  be  obtained  by  applying  to  Mr.  R.  B.  Borland,  Agent, 
112  Pearl  street,  New  York.  Steamships  of  this  line  are  ap- 
pointed to  sail  from  Baltimore  on  the  last  day  of  each 
month. 

W.  H.  Crossman  &  Bro., 

Nos.  77  and  79  Broad  Street,  New  York,  charter  and  load 
steam  and  sail  vessels,  at  frequent  intervals,  as  the  interest  of 
the  Brazilian  trade  may  require,  for  the  ports  of  Para,  Manaos, 
Maranhao,  Ceara,  Pernambuco,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Santos  and 
other  ports  on  the  Amazon  and  along  the  Eastern  coast  of 
South  America. 

Thomas  Norton's  Line  to  Brazil. 

This  regular  line  of  sailing  Packets  from  New  York  to  Per- 
nambuco, Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Santos,  was  established  in  1865. 
It  has  covered  loading  berths;  all  necessary  facilities  for  busi- 
ness are  at  Pier  17,  East  river.  Further  information  may  be 
obtained  by  applying  to  Thomas  Norton,  104  Wall  St.,  New 
York. 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 

This  book  is  due  on  the  date  indicated  below,  or  at  the 
expiration  of  a  definite  period  after  the  date  of  borrowing,  as 
provided  by  the  rules  of  the  Library  or  by  special  arrange- 
ment with  the  Librarian  in  charge. 


DATE  BORROWED 

DATE  DUE 

DATE  BORROWED 

DATE  DUB 

1f)£M 

1 

JUL  11 

19w 

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1 

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1 

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Conmercial  and  emjgra- 
tional  guide  to  Brazil. 


r 


DATE 


ISSUED   TO 


ft:AY   y.  fi   .t,,.,„ 


MAY  8  0  10r>fi 


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JAM  121995 


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COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 


0044242506 


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END  OF 
TITLE 


